Selection, Protection & Detailing Reinforcement -1
Reinforcement
Cl. 5.6 IS:456 - 2000
• The reinforcement shall be any of the following:
MS, Medium Tensile Steel bars IS:432 Part - I
HYSD bars Fe 415 / 500 / 550 IS:1786
Hard drawn steel wire fabric IS:1566
Structural steel Grade A IS:2062
• Modulus of Elasticity 200 kN/mm2
• Characteristic yield strength shall be assumed as
the minimum yield / 0.2% proof stress specified
in the relevant standard
IS 1786 - Fourth Revision 2007
Important Modification
• A new strength grade Fe 600 has been introduced
• A new ductile “category D” has been introduced
for seismic & other applications where enhanced
ductility may be required
• Some new parameters like “uniform elongation”
have been introduced, and
• Nominal sizes have been rationalized to remove
7,18,22,45 and 50 mm
Grades of Reinforcement
• BIS allows 4 grades:Fe 415, Fe 500, Fe 550, Fe 600
• Consultants limit specification to Fe 415 leading to
congestion of reinforcement in many structures
• Fe 415 already obsolete in developed world.
Grades as per Eurocode : Fe 500, Fe 550, Fe 600
– Specification of steel - EN:10081
– Testing of reinforcement - EN:10080
Properties of Reinforcing Steels
• Possess ductility to be bent into designed shape
with sufficient precision to fit complicated
shapes & not cause loss of cover; to provide
progressive failure as sudden failure is not
desirable
• Minimum strength to carry the loads
• Possess good weldability for fabrication & to
minimise accidental damage
• Possess good bonding and fatigue properties
Reinforcement Steel
Electronic Schedule Information
• Schedules can be e-mailed by means of
commercially available software packages to
save significant time for the fabricators and to
increase the accuracy
• Electronic schedule information can be linked
directly to the computer control system of the
production equipment. It reduces errors, there
are fewer queries & it is easier to change
procedures
Receipt, Storage and Use by the Contractor
• Products must be treated properly by
contractor when received on site and thro’ the
construction process
• When placing pile cages into position, ensure
the correct lifting points are used to avoid point
loading on the flexible transverse links or rings
• Use appropriate temporary works methods for
lifting, handling & working with pre-assembled
welded fabrications
Stainless Reinforcing Steels
BS 6744:2001
• Inherently resistant to corrosion
Allow relaxation in design for durability normally
used for carbon steel reinforced structures
Significantly decrease the inspection and
maintenance cost of structures
Extend the design life of structures
• Cost saving if whole-life cost of a structure
considered
• Initial costs relatively high
Stainless Reinforcing Steels
BS 6744:2001
• Stainless steels retain passivity in concrete at low
pH levels and high chloride concentrations; use is
preferred in structures at risk of corrosion
• Prevents chloride attack during life of structure
• Stainless steel is 'non-ageing' because of its
austenitic structure and hence there is no
requirement to perform a re-bend test
• High cost; used selectively in those parts of the
structure most at risk of chloride ingress
Reinforcement Steel
Lap Splices
• Splicing is to lay two bars parallel to one another,
over a the lap length & tie them with binding wire
• Load present in the first bar is transmitted to the
concrete by the bond between steel and concrete,
which then transmits the load to the second bar
• The efficiency of this joint depends on many
factors including the properties of the concrete
• Lap splices lead to congestion of reinforcement;
prefer couplers for 20 dia and above
Splicing of Reinforcement Bars
Alternatives
• Laps for bars up to 16 mm dia
• Sleeves, couplers, welding for larger diameters
• In developed countries laps are not permitted for
higher diameters to decongest & facilitate
concrete pours
• Choice of splicing method depends on cost,
grade of steel, possibility of transferring
compressive or tensile stresses and available
space
Reinforcement Steel
Mechanical Splices
• A coupler is designed to join two bars
together
• Most common type of couplers are based on
1) a threaded bar and coupler
2) a sleeved coupler which is swaged onto the bar
3) a combination of both or
4) a sleeved coupler which is bolted onto the bar
Reinforcement Steel
Mechanical Splices
• By creating an end-to-end bar connection, a
continuous load path is created from one bar to
another that is independent of the condition and
quality of the concrete
• Mechanical splice is easy to test relative to
lapping method which requires a test in concrete
• IS 456 allows both overlapped and coupled
splices with specific considerations for each
Reinforcement - Mechanical Connectors
– Swaged couplers
– Swaged and threaded couplers
– Parallel threaded couplers
– Internal serrated saddle couplers
– Couplers for threaded reinforcement bar
– Tapered / Parallel thread
– Swaged or thread/ swage combination
Reinforcement – Advantages of Mechanical
Connectors
• Improve safety – no projecting bars
• Reduce steel congestion
• eliminate drilling of shutters
• Improve access
• Help avoid rust staining of concrete by
eliminating projecting bars
• Additional plant required; more expensive
Reinforcement Steel
Reinforcement Continuity System
• Forming construction joints on site require site
bending and re-bending of reinforcing steel
which can adversely affect the material
properties
• Reinforcement continuity systems are designed
to maintain continuity across construction joints
in concrete structures in a time saving and cost
effective manner
Reinforcement Continuity
System
• Made of galvanised steel sheet
casings with nubbed backs and
short casing webs for
maintaining concrete cover of
steel components
• The anchorage lengths of the
standard elements are adapted
to meet the codal requirements
Transport of Reinforcement
Avoid….
• Accidental damage or notches causing a decrease in
section
• Contact with other products liable to deteriorate or
weaken bond of reinforcement
• Bends requiring straightening
• Damage to anti-corrosive protection, if any
Storage of reinforcement
• Index & classify reinforcement bars according to
diameter, type, grades, length and batch of origin
• Steel should be kept clean without stains of grease,
oil, paint, earth, non-adherent rust etc which may
prove harmful to bonding
• Sufficient storage area to facilitate handling and
provide free access for unbent reinforcement. It must
be close to bending equipment. Bars should be stored
parallel to bending & cutting tables
