SUPERVISORY CONTROL

AND
DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)
SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM)
Supervision:
SCADA lets the operator supervise the power system interactively with schematic
pictures which illustrate the real process and direct the operator to make correct
decisions.
Control:
The operator performs control operations-open or close the CBs
Data acquisition:
Process information is stored on a process database and a report database. The
real-time process database stores incoming and outgoing process data signals.
Process communication from and to the base system passes through the process
database. The report database stores historical data and mathematically or
statistically handled values. It also executes SCIL programs based on Time or events.
 SCADA COMPONENTS
• These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components:
• 1. Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface
with the managed system.
• 2. Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized
• units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations.
• RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports
• from sensors and delivering commands to control relays.
• 3. SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that
• serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master
• units provide a human interface to the system and automatically
• regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs.
• 4. The communications network that connects the SCADA
• master unit to the RTUs in the field.
 Application areas
SCADA is system for local and remote control applications suitable for
electrical and non-electrical distribution areas.
The SCADA-based electrical application areas are:
• Power transmission and distribution
The SCADA-based non- electrical application areas are:
i Water purification and distribution
i Waste water treatment
i Oil and gas distribution etc. Distribution Automation
 POWER OF SCADA
• Access quantitative measurements of important
processes,
• both immediately and over time
• Detect and correct problems as soon as they begin
• Measure trends over time
• Discover and eliminate bottlenecks and
inefficiencies
• Control larger and more complex processes with a
smaller, less specialized staff.
 SCADA Functions
• Count processing
• Command Output
• Calculation and logical tasks
• Alarms and Acknowledgement
• Process operation
• Hardcopy facility
• Facility for SCADA data analysis
• Display Subsystem (HMI)
– Real Time Display
– Alarm List Display
– Trend Display
– Message Pad
• Reports Subsystem
– Periodic Reports
– On Demand Reports
 The SCADA System performs 03 main tasks :

• Remote Monitoring (RM).

The status of various equipments such as circuit breaker,isolator etc. of all sub-
stations can be monitored will be shown to the operator in the mimic
diagram of the Operator station.

• Remote Control (RC).

For emergency or abnormal condition, the operator at the main station (ECC)
will have the control of the equipment from the main control room (ECC). He
can undertake the function of isolation of faulty equipment and sections and
may return them back to service on the establishment of normalcy.

• Tele Measuring.

Various analog measurements like voltage, Active Power, and reactive Power
etc can be monitored by the microSCADA software.
 SCADA SYSTEM OVERVIEW
• A SCADA system includes input/output signal hardware, controllers, HMI,
networks, communication, database and software.
• The term SCADA usually refers to a central system that monitors and
controls a complete site or a system spread out over a long distance
(kilometers/miles). The bulk of the site control is actually performed
automatically by a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) or by a Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC). Host control functions are almost always restricted
to basic site over-ride or supervisory level capability. For example, a PLC
may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial
process, but the SCADA system may allow an operator to change the
control set point for the flow, and will allow any alarm conditions such as
loss of flow or high temperature to be recorded and displayed. The
feedback control loop is closed through the RTU or PLC; the SCADA system
monitors the overall performance of that loop.
 SCADA SYSTEM OVERVIEW
• Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter
readings and equipment statuses that are communicated to SCADA as
required. Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control
room operator using the HMI can make appropriate supervisory decisions
that may be required to adjust or over-ride normal RTU (PLC) controls.
Data may also be collected in to a Historian, often built on a commodity
Database Management System, to allow trending and other analytical
work.
 Event Printer

Ethernet Switch
Printer Server

SCADA Server

Report Printer
RS232/485 converter

Electrical to Fiber Interface

RTUs
 SCADA Architectures

SCADA systems have evolved in parallel with the

growth and sophistication of modern
computing technology. The following sections
will provide a description of the following
three generations of SCADA systems:
• First Generation – Monolithic
• Second Generation – Distributed
• Third Generation – Networked
 Monolithic SCADA Systems
• When SCADA systems were first developed, the concept of computing in general centered on
“mainframe” systems. Networks were generally non-existent, and each centralized system stood alone.
As a result, SCADA systems were standalone systems with virtually no connectivity to other systems.
• The Wide Area Networks (WANs) that were implemented to communicate with remote terminal units
(RTUs) were designed with a single purpose in mind–that of communicating with RTUs in the field and
nothing else. In addition, WAN protocols in use today were largely unknown at the time.
• The communication protocols in use on SCADA networks were developed by vendors of RTU equipment
and were often proprietary. In addition, these protocols were generally very “lean”, supporting virtually
no functionality beyond that required scanning and controlling points within the remote device. Also, it
was generally not feasible to intermingle other types of data traffic with RTU communications on the
network.
• Connectivity to the SCADA master station itself was very limited by the system vendor. Connections to
the master typically were done at the bus level via a proprietary adapter or controller plugged into the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) backplane.
• Redundancy in these first generation systems was accomplished by the use of two identically equipped
mainframe systems, a primary and a backup, connected at the bus level. The standby system’s primary
function was to monitor the primary and take over in the event of a detected failure. This type of
standby operation meant that little or no processing was done on the standby system. Figure shows a
typical first generation SCADA architecture.
Monolithic SCADA Systems
 Distributed SCADA Systems
• The next generation of SCADA systems took advantage of developments and improvement in system miniaturization and Local Area
Networking (LAN) technology to distribute the processing across multiple systems. Multiple stations, each with a specific function,
were connected to a LAN and shared information with each other in real-time. These stations were typically of the mini-computer
class, smaller and less expensive than their first generation processors.
• Some of these distributed stations served as communications processors, primarily communicating with field devices such as RTUs.
Some served as operator interfaces, providing the human-machine interface (HMI) for system operators. Still others served as
calculation processors or database servers. The distribution of individual SCADA system functions across multiple systems provided
more processing power for the system as a whole than would have been available in a single processor. The networks that connected
these individual systems were generally based on LAN protocols and were not capable of reaching beyond the limits of the local
environment.
• Some of the LAN protocols that were used were of a proprietary nature, where the vendor created its own network protocol or
version thereof rather than pulling an existing one off the shelf. This allowed a vendor to optimize its LAN protocol for real-time
traffic, but it limited (or effectively eliminated) the connection of network from other vendors to the SCADA LAN. Figure depicts
typical second generation SCADA architecture.
• Distribution of system functionality across network-connected systems served not only to increase processing power, but also to
improve the redundancy and reliability of the system as a whole. Rather than the simple primary/standby failover scheme that was
utilized in many first generation systems, the distributed architecture often kept all stations on the LAN in an online state all of the
time. For example, if an HMI station were to fail, another HMI station could be used to operate the system, without waiting for
failover from the primary system to the secondary.
• The WAN used to communicate with devices in the field were largely unchanged by the development of LAN connectivity between
local stations at the SCADA master. These external communications networks were still limited to RTU protocols and were not
available for other types of network traffic.
• As was the case with the first generation of systems, the second generation of SCADA systems was also limited to hardware,
software, and peripheral devices that were provided or at least selected by the vendor.
Distributed SCADA Systems
 Networked SCADA Systems
• The current generation of SCADA master station architecture is closely related to that of the second generation, with the primary
difference being that of an open system architecture rather than a vendor controlled, proprietary environment. There are still
multiple networked systems, sharing master station functions. There are still RTUs utilizing protocols that are vendor-proprietary.
The major improvement in the third generation is that of opening the system architecture, utilizing open standards and protocols
and making it possible to distribute SCADA functionality across a WAN and not just a LAN.
•  
• Open standards eliminate a number of the limitations of previous generations of SCADA systems. The utilization of off-the-shelf
systems makes it easier for the user to connect third party peripheral devices (such as monitors, printers, disk drives, tape drives,
etc.) to the system and/or the network.
• As they have moved to “open” or “off-the-shelf” systems, SCADA vendors have gradually gotten out of the hardware development
business. These vendors have looked to system vendors such as Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Sun Microsystems for their
expertise in developing the basic computer platforms and operating system software. This allows SCADA vendors to concentrate
their development in an area where they can add specific value to the system–that of SCADA master station software.
• The major improvement in third generation SCADA systems comes from the use of WAN protocols such as the Internet Protocol
(IP) for communication between the master station and communications equipment. This allows the portion of the master station
that is responsible for communications with the field devices to be separated from the master station “proper” across a WAN.
Vendors are now producing RTUs that can communicate with the master station using an Ethernet connection. Figure represents
a networked SCADA system.
• Another advantage brought about by the distribution of SCADA functionality over a WAN is that of disaster survivability. The
distribution of SCADA processing across a LAN in second-generation systems improves reliability, but in the event of a total loss of
the facility housing the SCADA master, the entire system could be lost as well. By distributing the processing across physically
separate locations, it becomes possible to build a SCADA system that can survive a total loss of any one location. For some
organizations that see SCADA as a super-critical function, this is a real benefit
Networked SCADA Systems
 SOFTWARE OF SCADA
• Many SCADA systems employ commercial proprietary software upon
which the SCADA system is developed. The proprietary software
often is configured for a specific hardware platform and may not
interface with the software or hardware produced by competing
vendors. A wide range of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software
products also are available, some of which may suit the required
application. COTS software usually is more flexible, and will interface
with different types of hardware and software. Generally, the focus of
proprietary software is on processes and control functionality, while
COTS software emphasizes compatibility with a variety of equipment
and instrumentation. It is therefore important to ensure that
adequate planning is undertaken to select the software systems
appropriate to any new SCADA system.
 SOFTWARE OF SCADA
• An important aspect of every SCADA system is the computer software used within the system. The most obvious software component is the
operator interface or Man Machine Interface/Human Machine Interface (MMI/HMI) package; however, software of some form pervades all
levels of a SCADA system. Depending on the size and nature of the SCADA application, software can be a significant cost item when
developing, maintaining, and expanding a SCADA system. When software is well defined, designed, written, checked, and tested, a
successful SCADA system will likely be produced. Poor performances in any of these project phases will very easily cause a SCADA project to
fail.
• Software products typically used within a SCADA system are as follows:
• • Central host computer operating system: Software used to control the central host computer hardware. The software can be based on
UNIX or other popular operating systems.
• • Operator terminal operating system: Software used to control the central host computer hardware. The software is usually the same as the
central host computer operating system. This software, along with that for the central host computer, usually contributes to the networking
of the central host and the operator terminals.
• • Central host computer application: Software that handles the transmittal and reception of data to and from the RTUs and the central host.
The software also provides the graphical user interface which offers site mimic screens, alarm pages, trend pages, and control functions.
• • Operator terminal application: Application that enables users to access information available on the central host computer application. It is
usually a subset of the software used on the central host computers.
• • Communications protocol drivers: Software that is usually based within the central host and the RTUs, and is required to control the
translation and interpretation of the data between ends of the communications links in the system. The protocol drivers prepare the data for
use either at the field devices or the central host end of the system.
• • Communications network management software: Software required to control the communications network and to allow the
communications networks themselves to be monitored for performance and failures.
• • RTU automation software: Software that allows engineering staff to configure and maintain the application housed within the RTUs (or
PLCs). Most often this includes the local automation application and any data processing tasks that are performed within the RTU. The
preceding software products provide the building blocks for the application-specific software, which must be defined, designed, written,
tested, and deployed for each SCADA system.
 HARDWARE OF SCADA
• REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
• An RTU, or Remote Terminal Unit is a microprocessor controlled electronic device which
interfaces objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA system by
transmitting telemetry data to the system and/or altering the state of connected objects based
on control messages received from the system.
•  
• The RTU connects to physical equipment, and reads status data such as the open/closed status
from a switch or a valve, reads measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By
sending signals to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a
switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump.
•  
• The RTU can read digital status data or analogue measurement data, and send out digital
commands or analogue set points.
•  
• The RTU consists of cabinets, main CPU, I/O modules, relays and terminal blocks. It collects data
from the power supply equipments such as circuit breaker, transformer, protection relay etc.
and transmits the same through the communication unit to the base system.
 RTU
• An RTU contains a card rack in which all data is saved in RTU. It has four types of card in it:
• CPU Card-
• The main tasks of this card are:-
• Managing and controlling of the I/O – boards of the RTU peripheral bus.
• Reading process events from the input boards.
• Writing commands to the output boards.
• Serial communication with central systems
•  
• (b) Power supply card-the main tasks of this card are-
• Potential isolation between inputs & outputs
• Electronic power limitation
• Overvoltage protection
• Controlled load balancing
•  
•  
• (c) digital input card-
• This card is used to collect the status of the sub-station equipments e.g. close/open status, SF6 gas status, Local/Remote status, Protection relay status etc.
• Scanning and processing of the inputs are executed with the high time resolution of 1 ms.
• The micro controller on the board processes all time-critical tasks of the parameterized processing function. More over it carries out the interactive communication
with the RTU system bus.
• Eight inputs each from a group with a common return. The 16 inputs form two groups. The inputs are potentially isolated by means of opto-couplers. The board allows
process signal voltages from 24 to 60V DC.
•  
• (d) digital output card-
• This card is used to execute close/open command to the circuit breakers, isolators etc.
• The binary output board 23BA20 can be used for the potentially isolated output of up to 16 binary signals to the process.
• The assignment of an output to a number of processing functions can be freely undertaken within the scope of the configuration rules. .
•  
• (e) Analog input card-
• This card is used to measure analog values such as voltage, current, frequency etc.
• Generally a Transducer is provided which takes the input from CT or PT and gives the output to analog input card in to analog data form e.g. 4-20 ma.
• The 23AE21 board records up to eight analog measured values. The 23AE21 board allows it to connect all typical measured value ranges as per the output of
transducer
 SCADA Communication
• Direct connection
– Direct electrical wire/ cable connecting the two communicating ends
• Bus based connection
– Local/ Wide Area Network providing any-to-any connectivity
• Telephone link
– Leased/ Dial up Line, over Modem providing logical direct connection
• Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
– Logically direct connection super-imposed on Transmission Lines
• VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
– Satellite based Communication, logical point-to-point or bus topology
• Microwave/ Radio link
– Logically direct links, avoids cable laying problems, high bandwidth
 SCADA Communication
• Direct Connection Data Acquisition Unit
– Point-to-Point
connection
Direct
– Data Acquisition Unit is Cable
directly connected to the
SCADA server
– Logically, a single
channel
SCADA Server
– Usually, a galvanic wire
connection
 SCADA Communication
• Bus Based DA Unit 1

Communication
– Multiple Units DA Unit 1
connected on the same
BUS
logical bus
DA Unit 1
– Any-to-Any
communication is
possible
– Addition of new units is SCADA Server
simple
 SCADA Frontend
• Remote Terminal Units (RTU)
– Data acquisition at a remote location
– Constraint on Connectivity
– Generally lower speeds/ less data
• Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
– Co-located
– Duel Function
– Additional Local Independent Functionality
– Higher speeds possible
 REMOTE TERMINAL UNITS
• Low Data Volume
• Low Data Rate
• Long Physical or Logical Distances
• Need for Reliable Transmission
• Scattered Data acquisition
• No local processing required
 RTU Block Diagram
PROCESS ELEMENTS (& TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC.)

Digital Input Digital Output Analog Input Analog Output Other Inputs Other Outputs

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

COMMUNICATION PROCESSOR PROCESS DATA IMAGE

COMMUNICATION MODULE
 RTU Communication Modes
• Point-to-Point
• Point-to-Multipoint
• Polling Method
• Token Passing
• Concentrator/ Multiplexer
• Master RTU
• Front-end
 Programmable Logic Controller
• Relatively Higher Data Sampling
• Higher Acquisition Rate
• Relatively Limited Area of Influence
• Need for Local Processing
• Independent Open/ Closed Loop Control
• Derivation of Intermediate or Final Results
• Subject only to Monitoring & Supervision
• Fail-Safe Reliable Local/ Backup Operation
 PLC Block Diagram
PROCESS ELEMENTS (& TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC.)

Digital Input Digital Output Analog Input Analog Output Other Inputs Other Outputs

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

LOCAL PROGRAMME MEMORY LOCAL DATABASE

COMMUNICATION/ PROCESSOR
 PLC Configurations
• Communication Processor/ Module
• Independent Master PLC
• Independent Master with Remote I/O
• Interconnected Masters with/ without Remotes
• Single slave to one Master
• Multiple Slaves to one Master
• Duplicated Masters (Standby)
• Process Monitoring Stations
 PLC General Functions
• Data Acquisition
• Data Conversion
• Logic Control Function
• Open Loop Control
• Closed Loop Control
• Statistical Control
• Integration/ Differentiation based Control
• Look-up table based Control
• Plausibility check
 Transducer/ Sensor/ Contact/ etc.
• Transducers for Electrical Quantities
• Contacts
• Temperature Sensors
• Position Transducers
• Proximity Sensors
• Flow Transducers
• Others
 SCADA Block Diagram
PROCESS (REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS)

TRANSDUCERS/ SENSORS/ CONTACTS/ ETC.

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

PROGRAMMABLE
LOGIC
CONTROLLERS
FRONTEND PROCESSOR

DATABASE SERVER OTHER

SERVERS
HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE HUMAN_MACHINE INTERFACE
 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE

Functionally speaking, the SCADA system can be broken down

into the following sub systems:
• Data transmission network:
It picks up data also called the remote monitoring on site, ie)
in RITHALA, ASS, SP/ SS and brings them to ECC data
processing system. On the other direction, all the operators
instruction are sent to the remote terminal units by means of
remote controls
• Data Processing system:
At ECC, various devices are provided to offer powerful and
convenient tools to operate swiftly and efficiently the power
supply system.
 PRACTICAL USES OF SCADA

SCADA used as a control mechanism for

chemical plants, electricity generation, electric
power transmission, electricity distribution,
district heating.

Control mechanisms are described in Process

Control.
 ADVANTAGES OF SCADA
CHEAPER

CONTINOUS OPERATION

RELIABLE

IMPROVES MAINTAINANCE,

OPERATION,

CUSTOMER SERVICE

FEW OPERATORS CONTROL LARGE NO. OF

INDIVIDUAL ASSETS PROVIDE RAPID RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES
 LIMITATIONS OF SCADA
• TROUBLED ALARMS
• LACK OF TRAINED PERSONS
• INITIAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
 CONCLUSION
SCADA is a control system with
● More interfaces and efficient storage
● More record or device oriented configuration
● But system wide configuration tools are
needed
● Are less expensive than DCS, but offer
different functionality than DCS
● And finally various applications
THANK YOU