DISASTER

RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT

SCOPE:
1. DEFINITION OF TERMS
 HAZARD
 EXPOSURE
 VULNERABILITY
 CAPACITY
 RISK
 DISASTER
2. BAGUIO CITY: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
 EARTHQUAKE
 TROPICAL CYCLONE
 TRASHSLIDE
3. PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE
4. PREPAREDNESS
5. NEW FRAMEWORK ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT
6. SALIENT PROVISION OF R. A. 10121 (DRRM ACT OF 2010)
7. STRENGTHENING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
8. EMERGENCY/DISASTER OPERATIONS CENTER
 SITUATIONAL ISSUES
 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HAZARD
 Is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that
may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental
damage...

 Could be a potentially damaging phenomenon

 It could be natural or human-induced.

EXPOSURE

The degree to which the element at risk are likely to experience hazard events
of different magnitude.
VULNERABILITY
 Is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

 This may arise from various physical, social, economic &

environmental factors.
VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY HAS BEEN RELATED TO THE
FOLLOWING FACTORS:

 Social Integration  Psychological & Physiological

 Ethnicity  Locus of control
 Age  Disability
 Gender  Coping-style
 Location  Individual’s perception
 Status  Lifestyle
 Wealth  Agility
 Income  Mobility
 Education  Experience
 Family type

Britton and Walker 1991

CAPACITY

Is the combination of all strengths and resources available within the community,
society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster.
RISK
Is the combination of Probability of an event to happen and its negative
consequences...

R= HAZARD x VULNERABILITY (exposure)

CAPACITY
DISASTER
 A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an
event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or
destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can
be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as
earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a
phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the
economic, social and cultural life of people.

 In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of

inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of
both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low
vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited
regions.
CLASSIFICATIONS
Natural Disaster
 A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans
and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate
emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact.
The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or
resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the
formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural
hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without
vulnerability.
CLASSIFICATIONS
Man-made or Human Induced Disaster
 Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards.
Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents,
oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may
also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are
events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters
are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality
in an event
WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER?
1. At least 20% of the population are affected & in need of emergency assistance or those
dwelling units have been destroyed.

2. A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such as bancas, fishing boats,
vehicles and the like are destroyed.

3. Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at least a week, thus disrupting
the flow of transport and commerce.

4. Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and livestock, and other agricultural
products, and

5. Epidemics

NDCC Memo Order No. 4, dated 04 March 1998

WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING?
1. Increased in population

2. Climate change

3. Increased vulnerability due to:

 Demographic changes
 Increased concentration of assets
 Environmental degradation
 Poverty
 Rapid urbanization and unplanned development
BAGUIO CITY
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE

July 16 1990
Ms=7.8
DEAD – 1,666
INJURED – 3,500
University of BAGUIO FRB Hotel

Nevada Hotel Siesta Inn

Park Hotel St. Vincent

Royal Inn Hilltop Hotel

Baguio Cathedral Aurora Theater

EPZA/PEZA Loakan Airport

Burnham Park
JULY 16, 1990 EARTHQUAKE
 Aftershocks of the 1990
July 16 earthquake Ms=7.8

 PHIVOLCS data
 First 14 hours

 Many aftershocks found

west of Baguio City, not
along fault trace
SUPER TYPHOON “PEPENG” {PARMA}
(September 30 – October 10, 2009)

Max Center Wind: 195 kph

Gustiness: 230 kph
Speed: 9-26 kph

Baguio City received 640

mm of rain during the 12-
hour period starting 8:00
am on October 8
EFFECTS ST “PEPENG” {PARMA}
a) Affected Population
Population affected in 5,486 barangays, 334 municipalities, and 33 cities
in 27 provinces in Regions I, II, III, V, VI, CAR and NCR – 954,087
families / 4,478,284 persons Breakdown per Region
The total number evacuated inside 54 evacuation centers were 3,258
families / 14,892 persons

b) Casualties
Reported deaths in CAR were mainly due to landslides while those in
other regions were due to drowning (same figure in previous report)
 465 Dead
 207 Injured
 47 Missing
EFFECTS ST “PEPENG” {PARMA}
c) Damages
The total number of damaged houses were 61,869 (6,807 totally /
55,062 partially)
The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure and agriculture were
PhP27.297 Billion (infrastructure to include school buildings and health
infrastructure PhP6.799 Billion; agriculture PhP20.495 Billion and
private property PhP 0.003 Billion
Agricultural area of 428,034 hectares incurred losses of 1,052.993 MT of
crops (rice, corn, high value commercial crops, abaca and irrigation
facilities)
Education facilities damaged in Regions I, II, III, V and CAR: were 1,531
schools (1,280 Elementary and 251 High Schools) amounting to
PhP767.45 Million
TRACK OF ST “PEPENG” {PARMA}
EFFECTS ST “PEPENG” {PARMA}
INCIDENTS TOTAL
ERODED RIPRAP
25

FALLEN TREE / IN DANGER OF

19
FALLING
SOIL EROSION / LANDSLIDE 97
FLOOD 41
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 1

BAGUIO
CASUALTIES:
A) Deaths 1) Landslide 58
2) Accident 2
B) Missing 5
C) Injured 27
CITY CAMP
 FLOODING
 Date: October 8, 2009
 Reported: 2:55 PM
 Cause: Heavy volume of
rainfall could not be
contained by the drainage.
CRESENCIA VILLAGE
 LANDSLIDE
 Date: 08 October 2009
 Reported: 8:00 PM
 Cause: Heavy volume of
rainfall saturated the soil.
 Casualties: 23
MARCOS HIGHWAY
 ROAD CUT
 Date: October 8, 2009
 Reported 9:31 PM
 Caused Closure of the Highway
MARCOS HIGHWAY
 ROAD CUT
 Date: October 8, 2009
 Reported 9:31 PM
 Caused Closure of the Highway
KENNON ROAD
 Fallen rocks and Mudslides
PINSAO PROPER
 LANDSLIDE
 Date: October 9, 2009
 Reported: 8:30 AM
 Cause: Heavy volume of
rainfall saturated the soil.
 Casualties: 1
↑ ROCK QUARRY
LANDSLIDE
Date: October 9, 2009
Reported: 6:30 AM
Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall
saturated the soil.
Casualties: 4
 ↓ KITMA
LANDSLIDE
Date: October 9, 2009
Reported: 9:56 AM
Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall
saturated the soil.
Casualties: 8
PUROK 1, IRISAN
 LANDSLIDE
 Date: October 9, 2009
 Cause: Heavy volume of
rainfall saturated the soil.
 Casualties: 16
SIMULTANEOUS INCIDENTS
TRASHSLIDE

August 26 – September 7, 2011

DEAD – 6
PREVIOUS DISASTERS IN C.A.R.
LESSONS LEARNED
 LGU as the first line of defence
 Early warning devise or equipment are vital in saving life
 Without communication support warning and the evacuation fails
 Early warning and evacuation system to attain Zero Casualty
 Pre-positioning of organic resource capability for quick response
 Building-back better not building-back-elsewhere
 DRR measures to protect economic investments
 Help must be linked to initiative. Protracted relief could breed mendicancy,
inhibit or hold back local initiative and suppress native creativity
 Demand driven vs. donors driven
 Disaster Risk Reduction Plan must be considered basic input in the Regional
Development Master Plan
RISK PROFILE
RISK PROFILE
ATMOSPHERIC
RISK PROFILE
The country is considered one of the most disaster-prone. It ranks 12th among
200 countries most at-risk for tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes, and
landslides in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the UN International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction
 Located along the typhoon
belt in the Pacific making
it vulnerable to typhoons
and tsunami.

 Average of 20 typhoons
yearly (7 are destructive).
RISK PROFILE
1851-2006 TYPHOON SEASON
Tracks and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones, 1851-2006

TD TS 1 2 3 4 5
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale
RISK PROFILE
RISK PROFILE

AREAS SUSCEPTIBLE TO
LANDSLIDE, FLOODING, AND
SUBSIDENCE DUE TO KARST
DEVELOPMENT
SEISMIC
RISK PROFILE
The Philippines, given its location on the earth is prone to various types of
Natural Disasters.
 Located along the Pacific
Ring of Fire, between two
Tectonic plates (Eurasian
and Pacific) which are
volcanic and earthquake
generators.

 22 active volcanoes (5
most active).
RISK PROFILE
Fact: The Philippine Archipelago
has a complex tectonic setting
with several trenches and many
active faults
RISK PROFILE
RISK PROFILE
 0 50 100 km

tar
RISK PROFILE N Pacific

Ban
Vin
Ocean

gui
South

Abra River
EARTHQUAKE China
Sea
GENERATORS
WITHIN CORDILLERA
Northwest segments of the

Manila Trench

h
Tuba R
Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ): Baguio City

oug
iver

n Tr
Tebbo
 Digdig Fault Sa

Digdig
n

uzo
 San Manuel Fault Ma
nu

tL
 Tebbo Fault el

Eas
Eas
 Tuba Fault

t Za

Valley
mb
 Bangui Fault

Ph
ale

il
Marikina

ipp
 Abra River Fault

in e
Fa
ult
Source: Phivolcs
 0 50 100 km

tar
RISK PROFILE

Ban
N Pacific

Vin
Ocean

gui
South

Abra River
2 SEISMIC China
Sea
GENERATORS

Manila Trench
Tuba Fault
NEAR BAGUIO CITY

h
Baguio City

ou g
 West of Baguio City,

n Tr
Tebbo
Sa
approximately 5 km

Digdig
n

uzo
Ma
away, NW trending nu

tL
el

Eas
Eas
 50 km long

t Za

Valley
 could generate a Ms

mb

Ph
7.25 earthquake max

il
ale
Marikina

ipp
s

in e
Tebbo Fault

Fa
ult
 located approximately
10 km Southeast of
Baguio City
 70 km long
 could generate a Ms 7.4
earthquake max
RISK PROFILE
0 100 300 km

Burnham Fault
N

LEGEND:
Mirador Fault
Fault

San Vicente Fault

Tuba Fault
Bued Fault

Loakan Fault

Source: Office of the City Planning & Development Coordinator

VOLCANIC
RISK PROFILE
The Philippine Archipelago occupies the western ring of
the Pacific Ocean (Western Segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire), a most active part of the earth
that is characterized by an ocean-encircling belt of active volcanoes and earthquake generators
(faults).
RISK PROFILE
ACTIVE, INACTIVE
AND
POTENTIALLY
ACTIVE
VOLCANOES OF
 300 volcanoes
THE
22 PHILIPPINES
active
 7 inactive in CAR
RISK PROFILE
VOLCANOES OF THE CORDILLERA REGION

Benguet Province: Kalinga Province:

1. Santo Tomas, Baguio City 4. Bumabag, Batong Buhay
2. Daclan, Bokod 5. Podakan, Batong Buhay
3. Pulag, Kabayan 6. Ambalatungan, Batong Buhay
7. Binuluan

All of the above volcanoes are inactive or has no record of

eruption during historic times.
PREPAREDNESS
A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
PREPAREDNESS
MAKE A DIFFERENCE…

 Changing attitudes…

 Knowing hazards…

 Doing something to
minimize the hazards.
PREPAREDNESS
WHAT IF?!

Are we prepared?
PREPAREDNESS
CRITICAL CONCERNS
1. Does your institution have an existing Disaster Response Team / Safety
Committee?
2. If yes, is it functional?
3. Do we conduct emergency / disaster drills regularly?
4. Do we have Emergency Response Plan?
5. Do we have a Preparedness / Contingency Plan in the event of any disaster?
6. Are there personnel / employees trained in first aid, fire fighting or rescue?
7. Does the institution have any rescue equipment and other emergency
paraphernalia?
8. Do we have an institutionalized warning system?
9. Are there identified evacuation areas within the premises of the institution?
PREPAREDNESS
PREPAREDNESS CYCLE

Plan
Evaluate/
Improve

Organize
&
Equip
Exercise

Train
 R.A. 10121
THE PHILIPPINE DRRM SYSTEM
DRRM
THE PHILIPPINE DRRM SYSTEM
Disaster legislation in the Philippines dates back in 1978, primarily reactive
approach to disasters, focusing heavily on preparedness and response. Other
relevant legislation for mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into
development includes land-use controls and building codes. However, building
codes are not strictly enforced and zoning ordinances which are reported to
have been relaxed over time.
 With the approval of the DRRM (Republic Act
No. 10121) expect that there would be a
paradigm shift emphasizing disaster
management to a disaster risk management
approach, with much greater importance
given to reducing risk. The RA was approved
on 27 May 2010, and the Implementing Rules
and Regulations was crafted by the Task
Force RA 10121 headed by the OCD.
DRRM
RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
 Systematic process of using administrative decisions,
organization, operational skills and capacities to implement
policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and
communities

 Setting of related goals and objectives in development and land

use areas.

 It involves the formulation of strategies and Plans, Programs and

Activities (PPAs)
DRRM
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE
RISK
 Institutionalize Local Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office

 Establish Early Warning System

 Formulation of Communication Protocol

 Formulation of Evacuation Procedures at the community level and

establishments

 Organize Local DRRMC and define the functional roles and responsibilities of
the members and task units

 Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

 Hazard awareness through Community-Based trainings and seminars

DRRM
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE
RISK
 Integrate disaster risk reduction into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP) and land use planning

 Integrate hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment into the development

plan

 Cluster Approach on Recovery Program

 Good working relationship with Warning Agencies and the Local Media

 Installation of rain gauges on mountain slopes

(DENR-MGB CAR recommended that 150 mm of rainfall observed within 24

hours would already trigger evacuation of communities in high risk areas)
DRRM
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE
RISK
 Strengthening of the LGU capabilities on disaster management;

 Updating the hazard profile of all municipalities and to analyse

data on human induced disasters for public safety studies

 Effective flow of communication system to ensure that accurate

flow of information before, during and after disasters
DRRM
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE
RISK
DRRM
RISK REDUCTION METHOD
In the following order

1. Identify, characterize, and assess threats

2. Assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats
3. Determine the risk (i.e. the expected consequences of specific
types of attacks on specific assets)
4. Identify ways to reduce those risks
5. Prioritize risk reduction measures based on a strategy
DRRM
POTENTIAL RISK TREATMENTS
Once risks have been identified and assessed, all techniques to manage the risk
fall into one or more of these four major categories:
 Avoidance (eliminate, withdraw from the risk area)
 Reduction (optimize resources to mitigate effects )
 Sharing (risk transfer or enrol in insurance)
 Retention (accept, plan - formulate ConPlan, Evac Plan, ICS and provision of
budget)
DRRM
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
 A comprehensive disaster risk management strategy, actively involving
stakeholders at all levels of government as well as the private sector, local
communities and civil society, is required to implement the legislative
framework and to provide coordination and monitoring mechanisms and
arrangements.

 Individual disaster risk reduction actions and programs need to be located

within this strategy, rather than treated as discrete, individual measures.
Moreover, the strategy needs to indicate specific entry points and
mechanisms for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction concerns into both the
broader development agenda and the design and implementation of individual
development initiatives.
DRRM
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Individual line agencies and local governments are legally responsible for
implementing disaster management, as it is still commonly referred to in
department circulars and executive orders, within their own areas of
responsibility. In practice, some LGUs have yet to even establish their disaster
coordinating councils (DCCs), while those DCCs that have been established vary
in quality. In addition, reflecting Presidential Decree (PD) 1566’s reactive
approach to DCC meetings are commonly held only on an ad hoc basis, in
response to crisis situations, rather than on a more regular basis to discuss
ongoing risk reduction initiatives, and DCCs’ risk reduction and mainstreaming
capacity and capabilities are often very limited.
R.A. 10121
DRRMC ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK
NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

 17 REGIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS

 80 PROVINCIAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS

 117 CITY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS

 1,496 MUNICIPAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS

 41,945 BARANGAY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS

BAGUIO CITY

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 173 SERIES 2010

Mayor
City Administrator /
Action Officer
R.A. 10121
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION GUIDING PRINCIPLES
 Institutional not personality oriented

 Permanent solution not temporary or palliative

 Preemptive evacuation is better than rescue

R.A. 10121
The enactment of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of
2010 (also known as Republic Act 10121), aims to achieve a paradigm shift from
reactive to proactive approach in disaster risk reduction and management.

 One of the main objectives of Disaster Preparedness it to “Enhance the

community with the necessary skills to cope with the negative impacts of a
disaster”.

 The state of readiness for PDRRMC, MDRRMC and CDRRMC is greatly

determines the extent to which potential casualties and damages can be
reduced.
R.A. 10121
PARADIGM SHIFT
Emergency/Disaster Management
• Executive/Legislative Agenda • Public awareness
• Environmental Management • Public commitment
• Comprehensive Land Use Plan • Community actions
• Risk proofing • Education & Training
• Financial tools • Early Warning
• Hazard identification & Mitigation: • SOP & Plans
Risk Reduction / • ICS Development
• Vulnerability Analysis Preparedness
• Capacity Analysis
Prevention

Rehabilitation
•
•
Livelihood
Housing Response • DANA
• Lifelines • Relief
• Education • SAR
• Infrastructure • Incident Command System
• Evacuation
• Health