CE 016
Hydraulics
SECOND SEMESTER SY 2021 - 2022
MODULE 1:
Fundamentals of
Fluid
INTRODUCTION
Hydraulics
Branch of science which deals
with the laws controlling the
behavior of water and other
liquid at rest or in motion. It
exists whenever fluids either at
rest or in motion
Hydrostatics – the study of liquid at rest
Hydrokinetics – deals with the geometry
of motion of liquids without considering
the forces causing the motion
Hydrodynamics – deals with the forces
exerted by or upon liquid in motion
including relations between velocities and
acceleration involved in such fluid motion.
Fluid
These are substances capable
of flowing which easily move
and change their relative
position without a separation
of the mass.
FLOW
PROPERTIES
PATHLINE
A line made by a single particle
as it moves during a particular
period of time.
STREAMLINE
A line which gives the velocity
direction of the fluid at each
point along the line at a given
instant.
STREAM TUBE
The tube space formed by the
streamlines
Pressure, p
Considered as force distributed
over an area.
It exists whenever fluids either
at rest or in motion
Velocity, v
It is a vector quantity
A rate of the change in
displacement with respect to
time
Discharge (Flow Rate), Q
the volume rate of flow that
passes a given section in a
flow stream
Steady Flow
With respect to
Time
Unsteady
Flow
Types of Fluid
Flow
Uniform Flow
With respect to
Displacement
Non-uniform
Flow
STEADY FLOW UNSTEADY FLOW
the velocity, pressure, the velocity, pressure,
density and volume do not density and volume vary
change with time at a with time.
certain point.
Uniform Flow Non-uniform Flow
the mean velocity is the the mean velocity varies at
same at every section in a every section in a reach.
reach.
Laminar vs. Turbulent
Types of Fluid Flow
Compressible vs.
Incompressible
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
low velocity which the path of the particles
resulting the particles to overlap on the other
flow without crossing the particle.
path of the other particle
Compressible Incompressible
a flow when the density the density does not
changes over time change with respect to
time.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
A pipe has a diameter of 0.5 meters. Water is flowing at a rate of 0.75 m/s.
Determine the flow rate in the pipe.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION II
A fluid has a flow rate of 0.98 ft^3/s. The radius of the pipe is 2.5 inches.
Determine the velocity in ft/s.
EQUATION OF
CONTINUITY
Derived from the principle of
conservation of mass which
stated: “the mass of fluid
passing any section per unit
time is constant”.
For compressible fluid
wAv = constant
pAv = constant
For incompressible fluid
A1v1 = A2v2 = Q
Q = Av = constant
Qin = Qout
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
If the velocity in a 2-in pipe is 1.65 ft/s, what is the velocity in a 3-in diameter
jet issuing from a nozzle attached to the pipe.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION II
A water tank is being filled through section 1 at v1 = 5 m/s and through section
3 at Q3 = 0.012 m^3/s. If water level “h” is constant, determine the exit velocity,
v2.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION II
Water flows at a rate of 20 L/s from a cylindrical tank through the pipe and
nozzle. Determine the velocities at sections mn and op and at the end of the
nozzle.
ENERGY AND HEAD
ENERGY
The ability to do work. The
law of conservation of energy
is used to understand the
characteristics of fluid at rest
or in motion.
It is the requires energy per unit
weight of fluid to increase at a
certain vertical distance
HEAD
Elevation Pressure Velocity
Head Head Head
ELEVATION HEAD
It is the vertical distance from
the datum of reference line to
the center of the pipe or
conduit
PRESSURE HEAD
The vertical measurement from
the center of the pipe to the
maximum height that the water
can reach when a piezometer
is attached to a pipe or conduit
VELOCITY HEAD
The amount of kinetic energy
per unit weight of fluid
TOTAL ENERGY
The total energy in a fluid
motion is the sum of the
potential energy and the
kinetic energy
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
Determine the pressure head if the fluid has a specific gravity (SG) = 0.65 and it
experience pressure at 7 kPa.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION II
The flow of a liquid inside an conduit is 8 m/s. Determine the velocity head.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION III
A fluid flowing with an specific gravity of 0.79 and has a velocity of 0.95 m/s.
The pressure inside the pipe is 1.25 kPa. The distance center of the pipe from
the datum line is 8 m. Determine the total energy.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION IV
A fluid is flowing in a pipe 20 cm in diameter with a mean velocity of 3 m/s. The
pressure at the center of the pipe is 35 kPa and the elevation of the pipe above
the assumed datum is 5m. Compute the total head E in meters if the fluid is (a)
water, (b) oil (SG = 0.85), (c) gas (γ = 6.30 N/m3)
POWER OF FLUIDS
IN MOTION
POWER
the rate of doing work. The
dimension of power in SI units
is newton-meter per second (N-
m/s) or joule per second (J/s) or
simply watt (W).
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
If the total available head of a stream flowing at a rate of 300 ft3/s is 25.0 ft,
what is the theoretical horsepower available?
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY
EQUATION FOR
INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLUIDS
Bernoulli’s theorem proved that
any fluid motion where friction is
neglected, the total energy
possessed by a given mass of
the fluid is the same at every
point along the path of flow.
Frictionless Flow
Bernoulli’s equation for an
incompressible fluid under
frictionless flow can be
expressed as:
Considering Friction
Bernoulli’s equation for an
incompressible fluid
considering friction can be
expressed as:
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
Water flows through a long, horizontal, conical diffuser at the rate of 4.0 m3/s.
The diameter of the diffuser varies from 1.0m to 2.0m; the pressure at the
smaller end is 8.0 kPa. Find the pressure at the other end of the diffuser,
assuming frictionless flow and no separation from the walls.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION II
The inclined pipe in the figure below is of uniform diameter. The pressure at A
is 20 psi and at B, 30 psi. In which direction is the flow, and what is the friction
loss of the liquid, if the liquid has specific weight (a) 30 lb/ft3 (b) 100 lb/ft3?
The inclined pipe in the figure below is of uniform diameter. The pressure at A
is 20 psi and at B, 30 psi. In which direction is the flow, and what is the friction
loss of the liquid, if the liquid has specific weight (a) 30 lb/ft3 (b) 100 lb/ft3?
FLOW
MEASUREMENTS
DEVICE
COEFFICIENT
For every device, there are different
coefficient used. The device
coefficient is the ratio of the actual
value and the theoretical value.
Note that the theoretical values can be
obtained using Bernoulli’s equation.
Coefficient of Discharge, Cd
Is the ratio of the actual
discharge and the theoretical
discharge.
Where: Qa = actual discharge ;
Qt= theoretical discharge
Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
Is the ratio of the actual velocity
and the theoretical velocity.
Where: va = actual velocity ; vt=
theoretical velocity
Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
Is the ratio of the area of jet and
the area of orifice.
Where: aj = area of jet ; ao= area
of orifice
Note that area of jet is also called the VENA CONTRACTA.
Vena Contracta - It is the section on the jet where
contraction ceases.
𝐶 𝑑 =𝐶 𝑐 𝐶 𝑣
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
Given:
Diameter of Orifice = 75mm
Discharge = 23.41L/s
Head = 2.85m
Diameter of jet = 66.25mm
Determine Cd,Cc,Cv
VENTURI METER
It is used to measure the discharge
through a pipe.
"Venturi meters are flow
measurement instruments which
use a converging section of pipe to
give an increase in the flow
velocity and a corresponding
pressure drop from which the
flowrate can be deduced."
"They have been in common use
for many years, especially in the
water supply industry."
Venturi Principle: “the increase
in kinetic energy is equal to the
decrease in potential energy”
BRIEF HISTORY
"Clemens Herschel (March 23, 1842
– March 1, 1930) was an American
hydraulic engineer. His career
extended from about 1860 to 1930,
and he is best known for developing
the Venturi meter, which was the
first large-scale, accurate device
for measuring water flow."
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
A Venturi Meter having a throat diameter
of 150mm is installed in a horizontal
300mm diameter water main as shown.
The coefficient of discharge is 0.982.
Determine the difference in level of the
mercury columns of the differential
manometer attached to the Venturi meter
if the discharge is 0.142m3/s
ORIFICE
An opening with a
closed perimeter
through which fluid
flows.
It is used primarily to
measure or to control
the flow of fluid.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
Oil discharges from a pipe through a
sharp crested round orifice as shown.
The Coefficient of contraction and
velocity are 0.62 and 0.98, respectively.
Find the discharge from the orifice and
actual velocity and the diameter in the
jet. Neglect headloss.
NOZZLE
It is used to increase
the velocity of the jet.
A cylindrical or round
spout at the end of a
pipe, hose, or tube
used to control a jet of
gas or liquid.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
If the velocity at point A is 18m/s, what is
the pressure at point B if we neglect
friction?
PITOT TUBE
"A pitot tube, also known as pitot probe, is
a flow measurement device used to
measure fluid flow velocity .The pitot tube
was invented by the French engineer Henri
Pitot in the early 18th century and was
modified to its modern form in the mid-19th
century by French scientist Henry Darcy. It
is widely used to determine the airspeed of
an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to
measure liquid, air and gas flow velocities
in certain industrial applications.
EXAMPLE: SITUATION I
The manometer fluid in the pipe is
mercury. Neglecting losses, calculate the
flow rate in the tube if the fluid is water.
