LIMIT TESTS
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BY MOHNEET CHITKARA
B PHARMA SEMESTER 1
2150991058
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Limit Test
Limit tests involve simple comparison of opalescence or turbidity or colour
with the fixed standards
Limit tests are carried out in nessler cylinders which are made up of
colourless glass and have uniform diameter and height as per specifications
in Pharmacopoeia
Two similar kinds of cylinders are required each time
A) TEST – The quantities of test samples varies according to the limits of
impurities given in the
Pharmacopoeia
B) Standard- The standards are having common quantities
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Limit Test for chloride
Principle
Limit test of chloride is based on the reaction of soluble chloride with silver
nitrate in presence of dilute nitric acid to form silver chloride, which appears as
solid particles (Opalescence) in the solution.
Procedure
Test sample Standard compound
Specific weight of compound is dissolved in Take 1ml of 0.05845 % W/V solution of sodium
water or solution is prepared as directed in the chloride in Nessler cylinder
pharmacopoeia and transferred in Nessler
cylinder
Add 1ml of nitric acid Add 1ml of nitric acid
Dilute to 50ml in Nessler cylinder Dilute to 50ml in Nessler cylinder
Add 1ml of AgNO3 solution Add 1ml of AgNO3 solution
Keep aside for 5 min Keep aside for 5 min
Observe the Opalescence/Turbidity Observe the Opalescence/Turbidity
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Observation:
The opalescence produce in sample solution should not be greater than
standard solution. If opalescence produces in sample solution is less than
the standard solution, the sample will pass the limit test of chloride and vice
versa.
Reasons:
Nitric acid is added in the limit test of chloride to make solution acidic and
helps silver chloride precipitate to make solution turbid at the end of process.
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Limit test for sulphate
Principle:
Limit test of sulphate is based on the reaction of soluble sulphate with barium
chloride in presence of dilute hydrochloric acid to form barium sulphate which
appears as solid particles (turbidity) in the solution.
Test sample Standard compound
Procedure Specific weight of compound is dissolved in Take 1ml of 0.1089 % W/V solution of
water or solution is prepared as directed in potassium sulphate in Nessler cylinder
the pharmacopoeia and transferred in
Nessler cylinder
Add 2ml of dilute hydrochloric acid Add 2ml of dilute hydrochloric acid
Dilute to 45 ml in Nessler cylinder Dilute to 45 ml in Nessler cylinder
Add 5ml of barium sulphate reagent Add 5ml of barium sulphate reagent
Keep aside for 5 min Keep aside for 5 min
Observe the Turbidity Observe the Turbidity
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Barium sulphate reagent contains barium chloride, sulphate free alcohol and small
amount of potassium sulphate.
Observation:
The turbidity produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard
solution. If turbidity produces in sample solution is less than the standard solution,
the sample will pass the limit test of sulphate and vice versa.
Reasons:
Hydrochloric acid helps to make solution acidic.
Potassium sulphate is used to increase the sensitivity of the test by giving ionic
concentration in the reagent
Alcohol helps to prevent super saturation.
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Limit test for iron
Principle
Limit test of Iron is based on the reaction of iron with thioglycollic
acid in presence of citric acid to form iron thioglycolate which is
pale pink to deep reddish purple in colour.
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Procedure
Test sample Standard compound
Sample is dissolved in specific amount of water and then volume is 2 ml of standard solution of iron diluted with water upto 40ml
made up to 40 ml
Add 2 ml of 20 % w/v of citric acid (iron free) Add 2 ml of 20 % w/v of citric acid (iron free)
Add 2 drops of thioglycollic acid Add 2 drops of thioglycollic acid
Add ammonia to make the solution alkaline and adjust the volume to Add ammonia to make the solution alkaline and adjust the volume to
50 ml 50 ml
Keep aside for 5 min Keep aside for 5 min
Color developed is viewed vertically and compared with standard Color developed is viewed vertically and compared with standard
solution solution
Earlier ammonium thiocyanate reagent was used for the limit test of iron. Since thioglycolic acid is
more sensitive reagent, it has replaced ammonium thiocyanate in the test.
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Observation
The purple colour produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard
solution. If purple colour produces in sample solution is less than the standard solution ,
the sample will pass the limit test of iron and vice-versa
Result
Citric acid helps precipitation of iron by ammonia by forming a complex in it.
Thioglycolic acid helps to oxidize iron (II) to iron (III).
Ammonia to make solution alkaline
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Limit test for arsenic
Principle
Limit test of Arsenic is based on the reaction of arsenic gas with hydrogen ion to
form yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper in presence of reducing agents like
potassium iodide. It is also called as Gutzeit test and requires special apparatus.
Arsenic, present as arsenic acid in the sample is reduced to arsenious acid by
reducing agents like potassium iodide, stannous acid, zinc, hydrochloric acid, etc.
Arsenious acid is further reduced to arsine (gas) by hydrogen and reacts with
mercuric chloride paper to give a yellow stain.
H3AsO4 + H2SnO2 → H3AsO3 + H2SnO3
Arsenic acid Arsenious acid
H3AsO3 + 3H2 → AsH3 + 3H2O
Arsenious acid Arsine
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The depth of yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper will depend upon the quality of
arsenic present in the sample.
Procedure:
Test solution:
The test solution is prepared by dissolving specific amount in water and stannated HCl
(arsenic free) and kept in a wide mouthed bottle.
To this solution 1 gm of KI, 5 ml of stannous chloride acid solution and 10 gm of zinc is
added (all this reagents must be arsenic free)
Keep the solution aside for 40 min and stain obtained on mercuric chloride paper is
compared with standard solution.
Standard solution:
A known quantity of dilute arsenic solution is kept in wide mouthed bottle and
rest procedure is followed as described in test solution
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Reason
Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine
Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing aget
Hydrochloridic acid is used to make the solution acidic
Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide which
may be evolved along with arsine
