SPACE ANALYSIS

• Space analysis is one of the essential diagnostic aids helps to

visualize patients occlusion from all aspects & also make necessary
measurements of teeth & dental arches &basal bones

• Space analysis procedures of quantifying the space required in each

arch which aids in :

1. diagnosis

2. treatment planning

3. assessment of need for extraction

4. Anchorage planning
PRINCIPLES OF SPACE
ANALYSIS

Space analysis requires a comparison

between the amount of space available for
the alignment of the teeth & the amount of
space required to align them properly
MODEL ANALYSIS
 The study model provides a three dimensional view of the
maxillary and mandibular dental arches in all three planes of
space, i.e., sagittal, vertical and transverse planes.
ADVANTAGES
1. They are three dimensional records of the patients
dentition.
2. Occlusion can be visualized from lingual aspect.
3. They provide a permanent record of the
intermaxillary relationship.
4. Helps to motivate the patients as they can visualize
the treatment progress.
5. They are needed for comparison purposes at the
end of the treatment and act as a reference for post
treatment changes.
6. They serve as a reminder for the parent and the
patient of the condition present at the start of the
treatment.
7. In case the patient has to be transferred to another
clinician study model are an important record.
PARTS OF A STUDY MODEL
 Anatomic Portion - Consists of the actual impressions of
the dental arch & its surrounding structures.
 Artistic Portion - Consists of the plaster base that
supports the anatomic portion and helps in analysing the
occlusion & orientation of the study models.
 The ratio of the anatomic portion to the artistic portion
should be 3:1.
REQUSITES OF STUDY MODELS
 Should accurately reproduce all the teeth and soft tissues
without any distortion.
 Should be trimmed symmetrical on either side.
 Posterior surface should be trimmed, such that when placed
on their back they should reproduce the occlusal plane.
 Should reproduce the alveolar process as much as
possible.
ACCORDING TO ABO (1990)
GUIDELINES

Lateral view of the study model

1. Base of the maxillary cast is trimmed parallel to the occlusal
plane.
2. Upper & lower cast base should be parallel.
REQUIREMENTS TO DO MODEL
ANALYSIS

 Well prepared study models

 Vernier calipers
 Divider
 Ruler
 0.033” Soft Brass wire
CAST ANALYSIS
• CAST APART
• CAST IN OCCLUSION
CAST
APART
 Arch form
 Arch symmetry
 Teeth present
 Teeth absent
 Crowding
 Spacing
 Buccoversion / linguoversion
 Supraversion / infraversion
 Torsiversion
 Transposition
 Proclined
 Retroclined
DEFINITION
S
 Buccoversion when the tooth is displaced bodily in a labial or
buccal direction
 Linguoversion when entire tooth is displaced in a lingual or
palatal direction
 Infraversion tooth that has not erupted enough in comparison
to adjacent teeth
 Supraversion tooth that has over-erupted
 Torsiversion rotated tooth or tooth movements around its long
axis
 Transposition when two teeth have exchanged their positions
 LINGUOVERSIO
N
TORSIVERSIO
N
BUCCOVERSION

SUPRAVERSIO
N
TRANSPOSITIO
N
CAST IN OCCLUSION
 Incisor relationship
 Canine relation
 Molar relation
 Overjet
 Positive – Class II
 Negative – Class III
 Overbite
 Positive – Deepbite
 Negative - Openbite
 Crossbite
 Palatal Crossbite
 Buccal Crossbite – Scissors
bite
 Dental midline
MOLAR AND
CANINE
RELATIONSHIPS
CLASSIFICATION

PERMANENT DENTITION MIXED DENTITION MODEL ANALYSIS

MODEL
ANALYSIS

Arch perimeter analysis Moyer’s Mixed dentition analysis

Carey’s analysis Tanaka and johnston analysis

Ashley Howe’s analysis Nance mixed dentition analysis

Pont’s analysis Huckaba’s mixed dentition analysis

(Radiographic method)

Linder Harth analysis

Korkhaus analysis

Bolton’s analysis
ARCH PERIMETER ANALYSIS
Tooth Material and Arch Length Discrepancy
(ALD)
 Many malocclusions occur due to discrepancy
between arch length & tooth material
 It is done in the upper arch
 Two measurements are required for intra-
maxillary analysis of space requirement:
1. Calculation of space required
2. Calculation of space available
 Arch perimeter is the geometrical dental arc
formed by teeth at their incisal / cuspal edges
PROCEDURE

 DETERMINATION OF SPACE REQUIRED:

Measure the mesiodistal dimension of all the teeth mesial to the first
molar (54321│12345)
DETERMINATION OF SPACE AVAILABLE:
1. Measure the arch perimeter using brass wire. From
mesiobuccal line angle of maxillary right first molar , pass the
wire along the buccal cusp and incisal edges in the
anterior region, ‘pass the wire on the left quadrant like a
mirror image till the mesiobuccal line angle of the left
maxillary first molar.
2. Mark the wire and measure the wire, which gives the
space available.
 In case of proclined incisors, pass the brass wire in the
cingulum region, and if the anterior teeth are retroclined, pass
the wire labial to them like a smooth curve.
SPACE
REQUIRED

SPACE
AVAILABLE
DETERMINATION OF THE
DISCREPANCY
 The difference between the space required and space
available gives the arch discrepancy or excess.
 If the tooth material is more than the arch length, the space
available for alignment is not sufficient results in crowding.
 If the tooth material is less than the space then there can be
spacing.
INTERPRETATION OF ARCH
PERIMETER
ANALYSIS
ARCH LENGTH
DISCREPANCY INFERENCE
ALD
Proximal stripping can be carried out to reduce
the minimal tooth material excess
0 to 4 mm Avoid extraction

Patient can be treated with or without

4 to 8 mm extractions depending on lip procumbency
and other factors

Extraction of teeth usually first

Greater than 8mm premolar might be required
CAREY’S ANALYSIS

 The arch length-tooth material discrepancy is the main

cause for most malocclusions.
 This discrepancy can be calculated with the help of Carey’s
analysis.
 The analysis is carried out in the lower arch.
PONT’S ANALYSIS FOR ARCH
WIDT
H Pont in 1909, proposed a method of determining the ideal
dental arch width in premolar and first molar area based
on the sum total of mesio-distal widths of maxillary
incisors
Pont suggested that :
 The ratio of the combined upper incisor width to
transverse arch width was ideally 0.80 in the premolar
area and 0.64 in the molar area.
 PONT’S ANALYSIS
HELPS IN
 Determining whether the dental arch is narrow or is
normal in the premolar and molar region for a given sum
of widths of incisors.
 Determining the need for lateral arch expansion.
 Determining how much expansion is possible at the
premolar and molar regions.
ANALYSIS
 DETERMINATION OF SUM OF INCISORS
(SI)

 DETERMINATION OF
MEASURED PREMOLAR
VALUE (MPV)

 DETERMINATION OF
MEASURED MOLAR VALUE
(MMV):
INFERENCE
 If the measured value is less than the calculated value, then the
arch is narrow for the given sum of incisors width and
expansion can be done.
 If the measured value is greater than the calculated value, the
arch is wider and there is no scope for expansion.
 CALCULATED PREMOLAR VALUE (CPV): OR THE EXPECTED
ARCH
width in the premolar region is determined by:
CPV = SI X 100
80

 CALCULATED MOLAR VALUE (CMV): or expected arch width

in the molar region is determined by:
CMV = SI X 100
64
Patient A:
SI = 40mm
CPV = 50 Measured Inter-premolar width = 42mm
CMV = 62.5 Measured Intermolar width = 50mm
Patient B:
SI = 30mm
CPV = 37.5 Measured Inter-premolar width = 40mm
CMV = 46.8 Measured Intermolar width = 48mm
LINDER HARTH ANALYSIS

 Linder Harth proposed an index very similar to

that of Pont’s analysis.
 He made variation in the formula to determine
the calculated premolar and molar values
The calculated premolar value (CPV):
CPV = SI X 100
85
The calculated molar value (CMV):
CMV = SI X 100
64
BOLTON’S
ANALYSIS
 Bolton considered the ratio of the tooth material of the
maxillary arch to the mandibular arch i.e. M-D widths of upper
& lower teeth by nature have predetermined proportions to
maintain normal occlusal relationship.


A tooth-size discrepancy is a disproportion

amongst the sizes of individual teeth and is a
reason why it can be impossible to achieve an
ideal occlusion orthodontically.
MEASUREMENT
S
 Sum of maxillary 12
 Sum of mandibular 12
 Sum of maxillary 6
 Sum of mandibular 6
 Overall ratio
 Anterior ratio
 DETERMINING OVERALL
RATIO
 Overall Ratio = Sum of mandibular 12 x 100
Sum of maxillary 12
 For establishing ideal overjet & overbite overall ratio should be
91.3%
 If the overall ratio is less than 91.3%, it indicates maxillary
tooth material excess.

 If the overall ratio is more than 91.3%, it indicates

mandibular tooth material excess.
 DETERMINATION OF ANTERIOR
RATIO :
 The sum of M-D widths of the mandibular anteriors to the M-D
width of the max. anteriors should be 77.2%
 The anterior ratio is determined using the following
formula:

 If < 77.2 , maxillary anterior excess

 If >77.2 , mandibular anterior excess
MIXED
DENTITION
ANALYSI
S
AIM

 Methods of analysis of archlength during mixed

dentition
i. Those in which the sizes of unerupted cuspids and
premolars are estimated from radiographic images
ii. Those in which the sizes of cuspids & premolars are
derived from the knowledge of already erupted
permanent tooth in the mouth.(Probability Tables)
iii. Combination of the above two method
HUCKABA’S MIXED
DENTITION
ANALYSIS (RADIOGRAPHIC
METHOD)
 This analysis makes use of a radiograph and study cast to
determine the width of unerupted teeth.
 Advantages: Easy, practical & relatively accurate.
 Disadvantage: Chances of distortion of radiographic image.
 SPACE AVAILABLE: the arch is
divided into segments which are
approximately straight lines. The
dimensions in each of the
segments is measured and added
up.
 SPACE REQUIRED: for the un-
erupted teeth is calculated from
the radiographs. The discrepancy
is calculated segment wise
MOYER’S MIXED
DENTITION
ANALYSI
S between the size of erupted permanent incisors and the unerupted
 It is based on the premise that there is a reasonably good correlation

canines & premolars

 This is because a person with large teeth in one part of the mouth will
have large teeth elsewhere also, as their development is controlled by
the same genetic mechanism.
 Here the lower permanent incisors are measured and the mesio-distal
widths of unerupted permanent upper and lower canines and premolars is
derived from the probability chart.
 The mandibular incisors are chosen for measuring as they are the first teeth
to erupt in the mixed dentition period.
The width of the lower incisors is used to predict upper canine and premolars
widths too
PROCEDURE

 SPACE REQUIRED- measure the mesio-distal dimension of

all four lower incisors and sum it up. Using the Moyer’s
probability chart find the total mesio-distal width of upper and
lower canine and premolars from the upper and lower charts at
75% probability for the given lower incisor dimension.
RECENT ADVANCES
IN MODEL
ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGES OF

COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
 More Accurate
 Easy
 More information:
 Arch form
 Determine asymmetric Arch
 Space analysis
 Rotation
 Prediction