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Computer Graphics: Unit 3 Overview of Transformations

The document discusses various 2D and 3D transformations used in computer graphics including translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, projections and axonometric projections. It describes transformations like translation, rotation, scaling and their representation using homogeneous coordinates. It also discusses different types of projections like parallel, perspective, orthographic and axonometric projections.

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Kamini Salunkhe
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126 views85 pages

Computer Graphics: Unit 3 Overview of Transformations

The document discusses various 2D and 3D transformations used in computer graphics including translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, projections and axonometric projections. It describes transformations like translation, rotation, scaling and their representation using homogeneous coordinates. It also discusses different types of projections like parallel, perspective, orthographic and axonometric projections.

Uploaded by

Kamini Salunkhe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Graphics

Unit 3
Overview of transformations
Two dimensional transformations
 Translation
◦ Translation is a processes of changing position of
an object in a straight line path from one
coordinate location to other.

◦ x’ = x + tx
◦ y’ = y + ty
◦
◦
translation vectors
P’ = P + T

Rotation
Homogenous coordinate system
Rotation at the arbitrary point
Composite transformation
 A number of transformations or sequence of
transformations can be combined into single
one called as composition. The resulting
matrix is called as composite matrix. The
process of combining is called as
concatenation.
 Suppose we want to perform rotation about
an arbitrary point, then we can perform it by
the sequence of three transformations
 Translation
 Rotation
 Reverse Translation
 The ordering sequence of these numbers of
transformations must not be changed. If a
matrix is represented in column form, then
the composite transformation is performed
by multiplying matrix in order from right to
left side. The output obtained from the
previous matrix is multiplied with the new
coming matrix.
Example
Scaling
Exercise
 Given square A(0,3),B(3,3),C(3.0),D(0,0)
 Scale in x direction by 2 and by 3 in y

direction
Reflection
3D Transformations
 In 3D transformations Z axis represents
depth.
 Homogeneous coordinates in 3D

◦ A point [x,y,z] in 3D is represented as [x,y,z,h] in


homogeneous coordinate system.
Translation
Rotation
3D rotation cases
 Case1 [ Axis of rotation is parallel to any axis]

◦ Step 1- Translate the object such that the rotation


axis coincides with the parallel coordinate axis.

◦ Step 2- Perform the specified rotation about the


axis.

◦ Step 3 – Translate the object so that the rotation


axis is moved back to its original position.
 Case2 [ Axis of rotation is not parallel to any
axis]
◦ Step 1 – Translate the object so that the axis of
rotation passes through the coordinate origin.
◦ Step 2 – Rotate the object so that the axis of
rotation coincides with one of the coordinates axis.
◦ Step 3 – Perform the specified rotation about that
co-ordinate axis.
◦ Step 4 – Apply inverse rotation to bring the rotation
axis back to its original rotation.
◦ Step 5 – Apply the inverse translation to bring the
rotation axis back to its original position.
Fig 2

Fig 1

Fig 3
Reflection
Projections

It is the process of converting a 3D object


into a 2D object. •
 It is also defined as mapping or

transformation of the object in projection


plane or view plane. •

 Types of projection –
◦ Parallel Projection
◦ Perspective Projection
Parallel projection
 Parallel projection discards z-coordinate and
parallel lines from each vertex on the object
are extended until they intersect the view
plane.
 In parallel projection, we specify a direction

of projection instead of center of projection.


 In parallel projection, the distance from the
center of projection to project plane is infinite.
 In this type of projection, we connect the
projected vertices by line segments which
correspond to connections on the original
object.
 Parallel projections are less realistic, but they
are good for exact measurements.
 In this type of projections, parallel lines
remain parallel and angles are not preserved.
 Various types of parallel projections are shown
in the following hierarchy.
Parallel projection
Orthographic projections
 In orthographic projection the direction of
projection is normal to the projection of the
plane.
 There are three types of orthographic

projections
◦ Front Projection
◦ Top Projection
◦ Side Projection
Oblique projections
 In orthographic projection, the direction of
projection is not normal to the projection of
plane.
 In oblique projection, we can view the object

better than orthographic projection.


 There are two types of oblique projections

Cavalier and Cabinet. •


Cavalier projection
 The Cavalier projection makes 45° angle with
the projection plane.
 The projection of a line perpendicular to the

view plane has the same length as the line


itself in Cavalier projection.
 In a cavalier projection, the foreshortening

factors for all three principal directions are


equal.
Cabinet projection
The Cabinet projection makes 63.4° angle
with the projection plane.
 In Cabinet projection, lines perpendicular to

the viewing surface are projected at ½ their


actual length.
 Both the projections are shown in the

following figure –
Perspective Projection
 In perspective projection, the distance from
the center of projection to project plane is
finite and the size of the object varies
inversely with distance which looks more
realistic.
 The distance and angles are not preserved

and parallel lines do not remain parallel.


Instead, they all converge at a single point
called center of projection or projection
reference point.
Perspective projection
Perspective projection
One point perspective projection
Two point perspective projection
Three point perspective projection
Axonometric projections
 Axonometric projection is a type of
orthographic projection used for creating a
pictorial drawing of an object, where the
object is rotated around one or more of its
axes to reveal multiple sides.
 Types

◦ Isometric
◦ Diametric
◦ Triametric
Isometric projection
 In isometric projection, the most commonly used form of
axonometric projection in engineering drawing, the
direction of viewing is such that the three axes of space
appear equally foreshortened, and there is a common
angle of 120° between them. As the distortion caused by
foreshortening is uniform, the proportionality between
lengths is preserved, and the axes share a common
scale; this eases one's ability to take measurements
directly from the drawing. Another advantage is that
120° angles are easily constructed using only a compass
and straightedge.
Dimetric projection
 In dimetric projection, the direction of
viewing is such that two of the three axes of
space appear equally foreshortened, of which
the attendant scale and angles of
presentation are determined according to the
angle of viewing; the scale of the third
direction is determined separately.
Dimensional approximations are common in
dimetric drawings.
Trimetric projection
 In trimetric projection, the direction of viewing
is such that all of the three axes of space
appear unequally foreshortened. The scale
along each of the three axes and the angles
among them are determined separately as
dictated by the angle of viewing. Dimensional
approximations in trimetric drawings are
common, and trimetric perspective is seldom
used in technical drawings.

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