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PHONETICS
PRESENTED BY
SILVA FADILAH SUPARMAN
The definition of phonetics
The study of the sounds of human speech
THE BRANCHES OF PHONETICS
A. Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds by the
articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker.
B. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from
the speaker to the listener.
C. Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds
by the listener.
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Speech Organ
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Alphabets Letters
A F K P U Z
B G L Q V
C H M R W
D I N S X
E J O T Y
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Alphabetic spelling, does not represent the sounds of a language in a consistent way.
My father wanted many a village dame badly.
Here the letter a represents the various sounds in father, wanted, many, and so on.
A combination of letters may represent a single sound:
Shoot Either Coat
Character Deal Glacial
Thomas Rough Theater
Physics Nation plain
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Some letters have no sound in certain words (so-called silent letters):
mnemonic Hole bough
autumn corps lamb
resign psychology Island
Ghost sword knot
Pterodactyl debt
Write gnaw
The letter u represents a y sound followed by a u sound:
Cute (sounds like kyute; compare: coot)
fume (sounds like fyume; compare: fool)
use (sounds like yuse; compare: uzbekistan)
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George Bernard Shaw complained that spelling was so inconsistent that fish
could be spelled ghoti—gh as in tough, o as in women, and ti as in nation.
Phoneticians invent an alphabet that absolutely guaranteed a one sound-one
symbol correspondence.
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
To symbolize the sounds off all languages. They utilized both ordinary
letters and invented symbols.
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International phonetics alphabet (ipa)
A system devised to create a standardized representation of all sounds by a language
CONSONANTS VOWELS
/p/pin /f/fan /h/hello /i:/bead /υ/book
/b/bin /v/van /m/more /І/hit /u:/food
/t/to /θ/think /n/no /e/left /ɔ:/call
/d/do /δ/the /η/sing /æ/hat /Л/run
/k/cot /s/sue /l/live /α:/far /З:/shirt
/g/got /z/zoo /r/red /ɒ/dog /ə/about
/t∫/church /∫/she /j/yes
/dЗ/judge /З/measure /w/wood
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• Using the IPA symbols, we can now unambiguously represent the pronunciation of
words.
For example, in the six words below, [ou] represents six distinct vowel sounds;
Spelling Pronunciation
though [ðo] thought [θɔt]
rough [rʌf] bough [baʊ]
through [θru] would [wʊd]
However, the phonetic transcription gives us the actual pronunciation.
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Consonant Classification
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
voice/voiceless
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Place of Articulation
Consonants class according to
where in the vocal tract the airflow
restriction occurs
1. Bilabial [p] [b] [m] [w]
2. Labiodental [f] [v]
3. Interdental [θ] [ð]
4. Alveolar [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
5. Palatal [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j]
6. Velar [k] [g] [ŋ]
7. Uvular [ʀ] [q] [ɢ]
8. Glottal [h]
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Manner of Articulation
How they are articulated
1. Stop (plosive) [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ɡ]
2. Fricatives [f],[v], [θ],[ð],[s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] and [h]
3. Affricates [ʧ] and [ʤ]
4. Nasals [m], [n] and [ŋ]
5. Liquids [l] and [r]
6. Glides [w] and [j]
In some books Liquids [l] and [r] and Glides [w] and [j] are called approximant.
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Voice and Voiceless
1. When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between
them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.
2. When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly
pushes them apart as it passes through creating a vibration effect. Sounds
produced in this way are described as voiced.
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VPM
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
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Vocal Classification
Tongue position: LOW – MID – HIGH
Advancing or retracting the tongue: FRONT – CENTER – BACK
Lip rounding: ROUNDED – UNROUNDED
TENSE – LAX
LONG – SHORT
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1. Tongue position
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2. Advancing or retracting the tongue: FRONT – CENTER – BACK
Front vowels [ʌ] butt, blood, dove, tough
[i] bead, beef, key, me Back vowels
[ɪ] bid, myth, women [u] boo, move, two, you
[ɛ] bed, dead, said [ʊ] book, could, put
[æ] bad, laugh, wrap [ɔ] born, caught, fall, raw
Central vowels [ɑ] Bob, cot, swan
[ə] above, oven, support
3. Lip rounding: ROUNDED – UNROUNDED
The back vowels [u], [ʊ], [o], and [ɔ] in boot, put, boat, and bore are the only rounded vowels in English. They are
produced with pursed or rounded lips.
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4. Tense and lax
[e] and [ɛ], [u] and [ʊ], and [o] and [ɔ]. The
first vowel in each pair is generally produced
with greater tension of the tongue muscles than
its counterpart.
5. Long and Short
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DIPHTHONGS
a sequence of two vowel sounds
1. Raising diphthong: beginning from high vowels and ending in high vowels.
[aɪ], [aʊ], [ɔɪ], [eɪ], [oʊ]
2. Centering diphthong: the end point of the diphthongs is a central vowel.
[ɪə], [eə], [ʊə]
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References
Fromkin, Victoria., Rodman, Robert., & Hyams, Nina. 2011. An Introduction to
Language. Canada: Wadsworth, Concage Learning.
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Describe all the consonants and
vowels!
Due date:
Before the next meeting.
