Formative Years (Phase I: 1947-1958)
Lecture 9
Initial Conditions
• Predominantly agricultural economy
• Industry contributing 1% to the national income
o East Pakistan producing 70% of raw jute of India but did not have a single jute mill
Performance
• The overall growth for Pakistan for the period 1949-50 to 1950-60
was 2.5% per annum.
• Par capita income growth was negative in East Pakistan and only
moderately positive in West Pakistan.
Broad Objectives: The rehabilitation of
refugees
• Total central government expenditure on refugees by 1958 was almost
Rs.491 million
• In order to help the artisans and craftsmen among the refugees, the
government established a Refugee Rehabilitation Finance Corporation.
• Which provided credit facilities, gave 17 million in loans, invested 3 million
in industrial colonies, distributed sewing machines worth 4 million and
supplied raw materials worth 12 million to refugees at cheap rates.
Broad Objectives: Defense Capability
• Commitment to strengthen the defense capability
Defense expenditure as a proportion of revenue receipts, development expenditure, and GNP
1949-50 1954-5 1957-8
Defense expenditure 625.4 635.1 854.2
1)% of Central government revenue receipts 63.7 46.6 48.0
2)% of total development expenditure 193.0 114.8 60.7
3)% of GNP 3.0 - 2.0
Broad Objectives: Industrialization
• The government played an important direct role in the country’s
industrialization program.
o Government’s industrial policy statement issued in April 1948 emphasized
manufactured goods based on domestic raw material.
• Increase in the production of sugar, cigarettes, vegetable ghee, cement and
natural gas.
• In 1947-58 the average annual growth was over 19%.
Broad Objectives: Industrialization
• Jute industry was set up in East Pakistan in late 50’s.
• A large demand for domestic markets was created by imposing import
controls and for the early entrants who could charge monopoly prices
• High profits, high savings, high investments, and high rates of growth were
the main features of the industrial development in the earlier years.
Agriculture
• The biggest policy failure in Pakistan’s early years was agriculture failure.
• Agriculture growth was less than population growth, around 1.7% annually.
• Causes:
o Policy makers laid more emphasis on industrial growth.
o Severe floods in the Sindh and Punjab in 1948.
o Floods adversely affected food grain.
o In 1951, the failure of the monsoon, continued drought conditions and locust attacks
led to a disastrous wheat crop harvest.
Steps taken for development
• Non-devaluation decision of September 1949.
o The main motivation behind the non-devaluation decision was to be able to sell
raw jute to Indian industry at higher prices.
o As a result of this India suspended trade by not accepting the value of the Pakistani
currency and a trade deadlock ensued
o Decision not to devalue the currency lead to price control.
Steps taken for development
o Controls were exercised on the prices of cloth and yarn together with articles like drugs
and medicines, paper, chemical dyes, cigarettes, vehicles, and construction material with
a view to lowering cost of living
o Korean war (1952-53) and collapse resulted in raw material boom, high exports earnings
for Pakistan.
o Pakistan had a strong balance of payments surplus as export of raw material came under
heavy demand.
o India had to rescind its earlier decision and trade was once again opened between the
two countries.
Devaluation - 1955
• The devaluation of Pakistani rupee in July 1955 by 30% in relation to the
pound sterling.
• The impact of devaluation on the balance of payments situation was
mixed.
• There were some improvements in exports, but imports which were earlier
being curtailed by government control were not really falling.
Devaluation - 1955
• Due to devaluation domestic prices rose, especially for food items, and
this reflected itself in a rising cost-of-living index.
• Another adverse affect of devaluation was that the government had to
pay more for the food and grain.
• Though the government tried to reduce the effect on retail prices by
providing subsidies, there was increase in retail prices.
Domestic Capital Formation
• The statistic for domestic capital formulation in 1950’s shows some
discrepancies among various resources.
• The rate of growth for both private and public investment was high during
1950-5.
• Some investments were made in large irrigation projects such as Taunsa
barrage and Lower Sindh barrage.
• Significant investments were made in infrastructure development
especially in transport and communication sector.
Domestic Capital Formation
• There was also substantial private sector investment in housing, which
was mainly undertaken by higher income groups.
• After 1955, growth of real private investment went down in West
Pakistan because of the sharp increase in the price of investment goods,
triggered by the 1955 devaluation.
• Investments in social sectors, i.e. education and health were minimal and
these sectors had very low priority in the total development expenditure.
Domestic Capital Formation
Institutions/Organizations
• Organizational growth was very rapid and impressive during this period.
• Establishment of Pakistan Industrial Finance Corporation (PIFC) in 1949.
• National Bank of Pakistan in 1949.
• Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) in 1950.
o The major objective of PIDC was to help establish industries which were handed over
to private sector when they were completed.
• PIA in 1956 and WAPDA in 1958.
Introduction of Medium Term Planning
• Colombo plans 1951-57 as a six-year development plan
o Was a collection of projects and not a serious planning exercise
• First five year plan, which was to cover the period 1955 to 60.
o Although a very impressive document, were never implemented.
o It was officially published in late 1957 and was never given formal approval by
legislation.
