TYPE CURVE

ANALYSIS
1. Fransisca Indah Permatasari (008)
GROUP
2. Ester Anggreni Simanjuntak (085) ANGGUR
3. Larasati Dina Putri (112)
4. Andi Magfirah (113)
5. Daniel Van Vriezer Situmeang (119)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 CARTER TYPE CURVE
1985

02 GRINGARTEN
-

03 PALACIO & BLASINGAME

1993

04 MATTAR
2003

05 ANASH ET AL
2000
 CARTER TYPE CURVE
• Carter Type Curve is a new set from Fetkovich Type Curve that
basically used to generate Gas Rate Data.
• Carter made a statement that the changes of fluid properties due
with pressure will affect the reservoir performance.
• Carter made a new variable λ to replace μgCg (Gas Viscosity-
Compressibility) which was denied by Fetkovich Type Curve. This
new variable “λ” called Dimensionless Drawdown Pressure
Correlation
Where λ value is between 0.55 < λ < 1.0
BASIC ASUMPTION
The flow geometry is radial The parameter of
either linear (if re/rw ≈ 1) in permeability (k),
finite well radius porosity(Ø), and
thickness(h) are constant

The Bottom Hole The flowing fluid is either a gas

Flowing Pressure with viscosity and compressibility
(BHFP) and Reservoir that vary with pressure or an oil
Initial Pressure are with a
constant constant viscosity/compressibility
product.
FORMULA Dimensionless Geometry
2
Parameter
2
  ( 𝑅2 − 1) 𝛼 2
Dimensionless
Time −
−4
2.634 ×10 ×24 𝑘 𝑡 22
4
ŋ=
ŋ=
𝑞𝑖 ( )
𝐵11
 
𝑡𝐷= 𝛼 𝜋 𝑟 22
2
∅ 𝜇 ( 𝑝𝑖 ) 𝐶𝑔 ( 𝑃𝑖 ) 𝑟𝑤 2

Dimensionless Pressure
𝑡𝐷=𝐷𝑖
  𝑡 Drawdown
 
  𝜇 ( 𝑝𝑖 ) 𝐶𝑔 ( 𝑝𝑖) [ 𝑚 ( 𝑝𝑖 ) − 𝑚 ( 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) ]
λ= ×
Dimensionless Flow Rate 2 𝑝 𝑝
  1424 𝑞 𝑇 (
1
𝐵11
)
[( ) ( ) ]
𝑧 𝑖𝑖
−
𝑧 𝑝𝑤𝑓
𝑝𝑤𝑓

𝑞𝐷 =
𝜎 𝑘 h [ 𝑚 ( 𝑝𝑖 ) − 𝑚 ( 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) ]
  ( 𝑃𝑖+ 𝑃𝑤𝑓 )
λ=
for 0 < Pwf 2 𝑃𝑖
𝑞
  =
𝑞𝐷 < Pi
𝑞𝑖 ULA
FORM
CARTE
R
TYPE
CURVE
1.
2.
CONTOH KASUS LAPANGAN
Calculate Initial Gas In Place
Calculate Drainage Area

P (psia) g (cp) Z Time (days) Qt (MMSCF/day) Pi = 5400 psi

1 0.0143 1
1.27 8.3 T = 726°R
10.20 3.4 φ = 0.070
601 0.0149 0.9641 20.50 2.63 λ = 0.55
1201 0.0157 0.9378 40.90 2.09
Pwf = 500 psi
h = 50 ft
81.90 1.7
1801 0.0170 0.9231 Swi = 0.5
163.80 1.41
2401 0.0188 0.9207
400 1.07
3001 0.0208 0.9298 800 0.791

3601 0.0230 0.9486 1600 0.493

2000 0.402
4201 0.0252 0.9747
3000 0.258
4801 0.0275 1.0063 5000 0.127

5401 0.0298 1.0418 10000 0.036

Carter, 1985
LANGKAH PENGERJAAN
Menentukan Plot data produksi ( q vs t ) dalam log log scale
nilai λ 10
Pi 5400 psi
Pwf 500 psi
λ 0.55

0.1

0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000
tD
LANGKAH PENGERJAAN
Lakukan Match Point (MP) dengan kurva Fetkovich, sehingga
didapat :
• (q) mp = 1 MMSCF/day
• (t) mp = 1000 days
• (qD) mp = 0.605
• (tD) mp = 1.1
• ŋ = 1.045
 HASIL AKHIR PERHITUNGAN
Initial Gas In Place
  ( 𝑞 𝑡 )𝑚𝑝 ŋ
∆ 𝐺= Drainage Area
( 𝑞𝐷 𝑡𝐷 )𝑚𝑝 λ
  ( 1 𝑀𝑀𝑆𝐶𝐹 / 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) ( 1000 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) 1.045
∆ 𝐺=   𝑍𝑖 𝑇 (1.408)(728)
( 0.605 )( 1.1 ) 0.55 𝐵𝑔𝑖 =0.0287 =0.0287
𝑃𝑖 (5400)
∆  𝐺=2854.99 ≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑴𝑺𝑪𝑭  𝐵𝑔𝑖 =0.00396 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑆𝐶𝐹
  𝑃𝑖
𝐺 𝑖=
[ 𝑃𝑖
𝑍𝑖
−
𝑍𝑖
𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑍𝑤𝑓
] ∆𝐺  
𝐴=
𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝐺𝑖
43560 ∅ h(1 −𝑆𝑤𝑖 )
  5400   ( 0.00396 ) (3176 ) 10 6
𝐺 𝑖=
[ 1.408
5400
1.408
−
500
0.97
]
2855=𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑺𝑪𝑭

 
𝐴=
43560(0.07)(50)(1− 0.5)
𝑨 =𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒔
PRO’s • Carter Type Curves (1985)

• Carter Type Curves (1985) is more is used for single-phased

precision than Fetkovich (1980) flow. So it will be more

because the mathematical graph and complicated if Carter Type

its equation used the changes of gas Curve used for multiple

properties during depletion flows such as Volatile Oil,

• Carter Type Curves (1985) was

CONT’
Wet Gas, and Condensate

spesifically developed for Gas Wells Gas reservoir s

by improving its accuracy by using
GRINGARTEN TYPE
CURVE
 Concept
 Application
 Field application example
TYPE CURVE - GRINGARTEN
Introduction
1. Type curve first appeared in oil industry literature in the seventies
2. The most complete and practical to use, the most widely used in oil
industry literature
3. Developed spesifically for drawdown tests in undersaturated oil
reservoirs but also usefull to analyze pressure build up test and gas
wells
4. Determine permeability, wellbore storage coefficient, and skin factor
 BASIC CONCEPT
Based on solution to the radial diffusivity equation and the following assumptions : 
1. Vertical well with constant production rate
2. infinite-acting homogeneous reservoir
3. single-phase
4. slightly compressible liquid flowing
5. infinitesimal skin factor
6. constant wellbore-storage coefficient
 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER
Gringarten used three dimensionless variables
when developing the type curve
TYPE CURVE-GRINGARTEN
 The Ei Function – Infinite acting homogenous reservoir
2
  𝑝𝑖+70 . 6 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝐸𝑖 948 ∅ 𝜇 𝐶 𝑡 𝑟
𝑝=
𝑘h ( −
𝑘𝑡 )

𝐶
  𝐷 =¿
0 . 8936 𝐶
¿
∅ 𝐶 𝑡 h 𝑟2

Figure 1 Gringarten Type Curve

GRINGARTEN IN DRAWDOWN &
BUILDUP TEST
DROWDOWN TEST
 Dimensionless Pressure  Dimensionless Ratio
2
𝑡𝐷 ∅ 𝐶 𝑡 h𝑟
  = 0.00026372 𝑘𝑡
𝑃  𝐷=
𝑘h ( 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑤𝑓 )
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇
𝐶𝐷 (
∅ 𝜇 𝐶𝑡 𝑟 )( 0.8936 𝐶 )
Logarithms Simplifying
𝑘h 𝑡𝐷
  ⁡( 𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log ( 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )+𝑙𝑜𝑔
log ( )
¿   = 0 .0002951 𝑘h 𝑡
( )
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝐶𝐷 𝜇𝐶

Logarithms
  ⁡(𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log(¿ ∆ 𝑃)+𝑙𝑜𝑔
log ( 141.2𝑘h𝑞𝐵 𝜇 ) ¿ ¿ 𝑡𝐷 0 .0002951 𝑘h
 
𝑙𝑜𝑔 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝐶𝐷 𝜇𝐶
Keterangan :
K = Permeability, mD
Pwf = Bottom hole-flowing pressure, psi
B = Formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Q = Flow rate, bbl/day
t = Flowing time, hours
C = Wellbore storage coefficient, bbl/psi
Equivalent time for Drawdown Test
  ⁡(𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log(¿ ∆ 𝑃)+𝑙𝑜𝑔
log ( 141.2𝑘h𝑞𝐵 𝜇 ) ¿ ¿
𝑡𝐷
 
𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐶𝐷
=𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 0 .0002951
𝜇𝐶
𝑘h
)

 Match point  Solve for permeability and wellbore

storage
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝑃 𝐷
( 𝑡 /𝑡𝐶 )
𝐷 𝐷

𝑀𝑃
=
0.0002951 𝑘h
𝜇𝐶
𝑘 =
h ( )
∆𝑃 𝑀𝑃

0.0002951 𝑘h
( ∆𝑃𝑃 )
𝐷
=
𝑘h
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇
𝐶  =
𝑡𝐷 /𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝑃
𝜇( 𝑡 ) 𝑀𝑃
BUILDUP TEST
 Agarwal equivalent time  Dimensionless Ratio
∆𝑡
∆  𝑡 𝑒 = =[ ∆ 𝑡 / (𝑡 𝑝 + ∆ 𝑡 ) ] 𝑡 𝑝 𝑡𝐷
2
∅ 𝐶 𝑡 h𝑟
  = 0.00026372 𝑘𝑡
1+(∆ 𝑡 / 𝑡 𝑝)
𝐶𝐷 (
∅ 𝜇 𝐶𝑡 𝑟 )( 0.8936 𝐶 )
 Dimensionless pressure
𝑘h ( 𝑝 𝑤𝑠 − 𝑃 𝑤𝑓 ) Simplifying
𝑃  𝐷=
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇
𝑡𝐷
  = 0 .0002951 𝑘h ∆ 𝑡 𝑒
( )
Logarithms 𝐶𝐷 𝜇𝐶
𝑘h
  ⁡(𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log ( 𝑝𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑤𝑓 )+𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 141.2𝑞𝐵 𝜇)
log ¿
Logarithms

𝑘h 𝑡𝐷 0.0002951 𝑘h
  ⁡(𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log(¿ ∆ 𝑃)+𝑙𝑜𝑔
log ( )¿¿  
𝑙𝑜𝑔 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ( ∆ 𝑡 𝑒 ) +𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝐶𝐷 𝜇𝐶

 Keterangan :
= Agarwal equivalent time, hours
= Shut-in pressure, psi
= Shut-in time, hours
= Total flowing time since the last shut-in, hours
Equivalent time for Buildup Test
  ⁡(𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log(¿∆ 𝑃)+𝑙𝑜𝑔
log ( 141.2𝑘h𝑞𝐵 𝜇 ) ¿ ¿
𝑡𝐷 0.0002951 𝑘h
 
𝑙𝑜𝑔 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ( ∆ 𝑡 𝑒 ) +𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝐶𝐷 𝜇𝐶

 Match point  Solve for permeability and wellbore storage

𝑡 𝐷/ 𝐶𝐷 0.0002951 𝑘h 141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝑃 𝐷
(  ∆𝑡 𝑒 ) 𝑀𝑃
=
𝜇𝐶
𝑘 =
h ( )
∆𝑃 𝑀𝑃

0.0002951 𝑘h
( ∆𝑃𝑃 )
𝐷
=
𝑘h
141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇
 
𝐶=
𝑡𝐷 /𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝑃
𝜇
( )
∆ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑀𝑃
 SUMMARY
Drawdown Test Buildup Test

  ⁡(𝑃¿¿ 𝐷)=log(¿ ∆ 𝑃)+𝑙𝑜𝑔

log ( 141 𝑘.2h𝑞𝐵 𝜇 ) ¿¿   ⁡(𝑃¿ ¿ 𝐷)=log(¿ ∆ 𝑃)+𝑙𝑜𝑔
log ( 141 𝑘.2h𝑞𝐵 𝜇 ) ¿ ¿
𝑡𝐷 𝑡𝐷 0. 0002951 𝑘 h
 
𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐶𝐷
=𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 0 . 0002951
𝜇𝐶
  𝑘 h=𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ( ∆ 𝑡 ) +𝑙𝑜𝑔 (
𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐶 ) 𝐷
𝑒
𝜇𝐶 )
𝑡 𝐷/ 𝐶𝐷
( 𝑡 /𝑡𝐶 )
𝐷 𝐷

𝑀𝑃
=
0 .0002951 𝑘 h
𝜇𝐶 (  ∆𝑡 𝑒 ) 𝑀𝑃
=
0 .0002951 𝑘 h
𝜇𝐶

( ∆𝑃𝑃 )
𝐷

𝑀𝑃
=
𝑘h
141 . 2𝑞𝐵 𝜇 ( ∆𝑃𝑃 )
𝐷

𝑀𝑃
=
𝑘h
141 . 2𝑞𝐵 𝜇

141 . 2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝑃 𝐷 141 . 2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝑃 𝐷
𝑘 =
h ∆𝑃 ( ) 𝑀𝑃
𝑘 =
h ∆𝑃 ( ) 𝑀𝑃

0 .0002951 𝑘 h 0 .0002951 𝑘 h
 
𝐶=
𝑡 𝐷/ 𝐶 𝐷  
𝐶=
𝑡 /𝐶
𝜇 ( 𝑡 𝑀𝑃
) (
𝜇 𝐷 𝐷
∆ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑀𝑃 )
𝐶 2𝑠
  1 𝑙𝑛 ( 𝐶 𝐷 𝑒 ) 𝑀𝑃
  𝐷 =¿
[ 0 .8936
∅𝐶 𝑡h𝑟 ]
2
𝐶¿ 𝑆=
2 𝐶𝐷 [ ]
PROCEDURE
 1. Plot versus for drawdown test or versus for buildup test on log-log paper with the same size
log cycles as the Gringarten type curve
2. Overlay the graph of the test data on the type curves and find type curve that nearly fits most
of the actuan [lotted data.
3. Record the type curve dimensionless group MP
4. Select a match point MP and record the corresponding values of from the y axis and or
from the x axis.
5. From the match point, calculate :
- Permeability
- Welbore storage coefficient
- Skin
Curve matching

Figure 2 Type curve matching (1)

Figure 3 Type curve matching (2)

PROCEDURE
 1. Plot versus for drawdown test or versus for buildup test on log-log paper with the same size
log cycles as the Gringarten type curve
2. Overlay the graph of the test data on the type curves and find type curve that nearly fits most
of the actuan [lotted data.
3. Record the type curve dimensionless group MP
4. Select a match point MP and record the corresponding values of from the y axis and or
from the x axis.
5. From the match point, calculate :
- Permeability
- Welbore storage coefficient
- Skin
  
Example : Pressure buildup data for an oil well that has been producing at a
constant flow rate of 174 STB/day before shut-in. additional data is given
below :

= 25%
Q = 174 STB/day
B = 1.06 bbl/STB
= 2.5 cP
= 4.2 x 10-6 psi-1
= 15 hours
= 0.29 ft
h = 107 ft

Determine permeability, wellbore storage cefficient, and skin factor

APPLICATION
Table 1.2 Pressure buildup test with afterflow (After Sabet, M.A. “Well Test Analysis” 1991,Gulf Publishing Company)
  Step 1 : Plot , on log-log graph
 Step 2 : Overlay the actual test data plot on the gringarten type
curve and determine match point data

 Match point :

Figure 4 Buildup data on log-log graph paper and matched to the Gringarten
type curve
 Step 3 : From the match, calculate the following properties

Permeability Dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient

141.2 𝑞𝐵 𝜇 𝑃 𝐷 𝐶
𝑘 =
h ( )
∆𝑃 𝑀𝑃
  𝐷 =¿
[ 0.8936
∅ 𝐶 𝑡 h𝑟 ]
2
𝐶¿

141.2 (174 )(1.06)( 2.5) 1.79 𝐶

𝑘 = ( ) =10.9 𝑚𝐷   𝐷 =¿
[ 0.8936
−6
]
)( 0.92)
( 0.0093 ) =879 ¿
107 100 𝑀𝑃
( 0.25 ) ( 107 ) ( 4.2 𝑥 10

Wellbore storage coefficient Skin factor

0.0002951 𝑘h ( 𝐶 𝐷 𝑒 2 𝑠) 𝑀𝑃
 
𝐶=
𝜇
(𝑡𝐷 /𝐶𝐷
)
∆ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑀𝑃
  1
𝑆= 𝑙𝑛
2 [ 𝐶𝐷 ]
( 10 10 )𝑀𝑃
  0.0002951(10.9)(107) =0.0093
𝐶=
1.5 (14.8 / 1 )𝑀𝑃
 
𝑆=
1
2
𝑙𝑛 [
879
=8.12 ]
 Gas Well
 Gas pseudopressure approach

 Pseudo-squared approach

Dimensionless
  time as

 Where :
Mscf/day
T = temperature, oR
for buildup test
for drawdown test
for buildup test
for drawdown test

For buildup, the shut-in time Δt replaces flowing time t in the

equation above
 Gas Well
Fetcovitch Carter Gringarten Palacio & Mattar Anash et.al
Blasingame
Approach Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless
parameter parameter parameter parameter parameter parameter

Reservoir Undersaturated
characteristic Oil and Gas
Reservoir
Solved parameter 1) Permeability
2) Wellbore
storage
coefficient
3) Skin factor
PALACIO-
BLASINGAME
TYPE CURVE
PEMBAHASAN PALACIO-BLASINGAME
TYPE CURVE
Adapun pembahasan
dalam tipe kurva Palacio-
Blasingame ini adalah
sebagai berikut:
1. Asumsi
2. Penurunan rumus
3. Aplikasi Lapangan
PALACIO-BLASINGAME TYPE CURVE
(ASSUMPTION)
Palacio-Blasingame illustrates theoretical developments and method of application that
can be used to analyze gas well performance data rigorously with decline curve analysis
via type curve.
The methods are based on:
1. The use of “modified time functions”
2. New algorithm to compute gas in place which are capable of modelling the behavior
of production data for variable rate and/or variable pressure drop conditions

The new solution for the gas problem is one based on a material-balance-
like time function and a new algorithm which allow:
1. The use of decline curves developed for liquids,
2. Modelling of actual variable rate/variable pressure drop production
conditions accurately
3. an explicit computation of gas in place
 PENURUNAN RUMUS TIPE KURVA
PALACIO-BLASINGAME
Dalam keadaan aliran pseudosteady-state, dengan rumus
Keterangan:
  = 𝑃𝑖 − 0,23396 𝑄𝐵𝑡 − 162,6𝑄𝐵 𝜇 log 4𝐴
𝑃𝑤𝑓
[ 𝐴h ∅ 𝑐𝑡 ] 𝑘h [ 1,781𝐶 𝐴 𝑟 2𝑤 ] bpss = constant in PSS equation
t = time (days)
k = Permeability (mD)
Satuan t diubah menjadi hari dan log diubah ke natural log A = Drainage area (Ft2)
𝑃 q = flow rate (STB/D)
  𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑤𝑓 = ∆ 𝑝 =70.6 𝐵 𝜇 ln 4𝐴 5.615 𝐵
𝑞 𝑞 𝑘h [ 2
][
1.781 𝐶 𝐴 𝑟 𝑤𝑎
+
𝐴h ∅ 𝐶 𝑡
𝑡
] B= FVF (bbl/STB)
CA = shape factor
bpss mt ct = total compressibility (psi-1)
rwa = apparent (effective) wellbore
radius (ft)
 PENURUNAN RUMUS TIPE KURVA
PALACIO-BLASINGAME
Untuk Gas, adapun persamaan PSS nya adalah:
Keterangan:
  𝑚(𝑃¿¿ 𝑤𝑓 ) ∆ 𝑚( 𝑝) 711𝑇 4𝐴 56.54 𝑇 t = time (days)
𝑚(𝑃 𝑖 )−
𝑞
=
𝑞
=
𝑘h
ln
( 2
+
)[
1.781𝐶 𝐴 𝑟 𝑤𝑎 ∅ ( 𝜇 𝑔 𝑐 𝑔 )𝑖 𝐴h]𝑡¿ A = Drainage area (Ft2)
q = flow rate (STB/D)
T = temperature (oR)
bpss mt
Konversi data produksi gas ke equivalent constant-rate data adalah
berdasarkan Pseudo-equivalent time atau normalized material balance
pseudo-time, seperti dibawah::
 PENURUNAN RUMUS TIPE KURVA
PALACIO-BLASINGAME
Theoritical expression for decline-curve analysis that combines the following elements:
 Material balance equation
 Pseudosteady-state equation
 Normalized material balance time function, ta

To give the following relationship:

Where m(p) is the normalized pseudo-pressure as defined by:

 PENURUNAN RUMUS TIPE KURVA
PALACIO-BLASINGAME

Rumus ini sama dengan

Dengan,

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa qDd sekarang adalah normalized pseudo-pressures dan modified
dimensionless decline fungsi waktu.
Dalam perhitungan nilai tekanan rata-rata, yang mana adalah fungsi G diperlukan computational
problem. Untuk mendapatkan nilainya dibutuhkan numerical iterative method. Oleh karena itu,
solusiyang direkomendasikan adalah:
ITERATIVE PROCEDURE FOR
DETERMINING G AND P2AVG Gunakan property
gas, buat tabel Z, µ,

10 Nilai terbaru dari G,

digunakan untuk 1
p/Z, (p/Zµ) vs p
Plot (p/Zµ) vs p dalam
Cartesian dengan nilai
iterasi selanjutnya p yang berbeda-beda

9 3
Hitung kembali GIP
Buat plot m(p) dan
(G), dengan
p/Z vs p dalam
menggunakan m dari
Cartesian
langkah sebelumnya

8
Plot [m(pi)-m(p)]/qg
4
Asumsikan nilai dari
vs ta dalam Cartesian
GIP (G)
dan tentukan m

7
Setiap data produksi,
5
Setiap data produksi
(Gp) dan t, hitung p/Z
hitung ta
6
Dari langkah 3, buat
dari persamaan gas
matbal
grafik p vs p/Z
 STEPS
Step 1 – Buat grafik seperti pada gambar dibawah

Step 2 – Plot (p/Zµ) vs p menggunakan rumus dibawah dan membentuk table seperti gambar dibawah
ini
 STEPS
Step 5 – Gunakan rumus dibawah ini

Step 7 – Hitung ta menggunakan rumus dibawah dan membentuk table seperti gambar dibawah ini
 A Modified Fetkovich-Carter Type Curve
Palacio and Blasingame developed a
modified Fetkovich-Carter type curve. Its
allow the performance of constant-rate
and constant-pressure gas flow solutions.
To obtain more accurate match to decline
type curves than using flow-rate data
alone, there new functions introduce:
Steps to Analyze the Modified Curve
1
1
Hitung GIP (G),
seperti langkah
sebelumnya

Tentukan MP dan
dimensionless radius
5 Buat table seperti
gambar berikut, dan
2
reD untuk plot qg/[m(pi)-m(p)]
megkonfirmasi nilai G vs ta (Cartesian)

4 3
Plot kedua fungsi,
Gunakan rumus
(qDd)I dan (qDd)id
dibawah sebagai
vs ta, letakkan
fungsi ta
diatas kurva nya
MATTAR &
ANDERSON’s
TYPE CURVE
OUTLINE MATTAR & ANDERSON’s TYPE
CURVE
Outline:

1. Assumption
2. Equation
3. Procedure
4. Application
 TYPE CURVELESS - MATTAR &
ANDERSON’s
The Flowing Material Balance (FMB) method used to estimate the original gas-in-place
(OGIP)
Uses the available production data similar to that of Palacio and Blasingame’s approach
Modified version of Argarwal-Gardener rate/cumulative type curve.
Do not use typecurves (typecurveless)

Plot on Linear Scale:

Pseudopressure drop normalized rate VS Pseudopressure drop normalized cumulative

ASSUMPTION:
• Uses the concept of the normalized rate and material balance pseudo-time 
• Using production rate & flowing pressure data -> reservoir under volumetric depletion
• Extrapolates to fluids in place
• Initial-fluid-in-place on x-intercept.
• Production data analysis method.
TYPE CURVE - MATTAR &
ANDERSON’s
STRENGTHS:
1. Straight-forward and intuitive method
2. Provides analytical fluids-in-place (without requiring shut-in pressures)
3. Superior to type curve methods -> estimating fluids-in-place

LIMITATIONS:
Only applies to reservoir in depletion (similar to p/z plot)
Equation Flowing Material Balance
Method 𝒒
  Where:
𝒎 ( 𝑷𝒊 ) − 𝒎 ¿ ¿ Pi= initial pressure, psi
G= OGIP
QN is the normalized cumulative production Re= drainage radius, ft
𝟐 𝒒𝒕 ∗ 𝑷𝒊 ∗ 𝒕𝒂 Rwa= apparent wellbore radius, ft
  =
𝑸𝑵
(𝑪𝒕 ∗ 𝝁 𝒊 ∗ 𝒁𝒊 ) ∆ 𝒎( 𝒑)
Plot q/∆m(p) vs [2qpita/(ctiµiZi∆m(p): Cartesian Scale
ta Blassingame normalized material balance pseudo-time • X-axis intercept -> Gas-in-Place, G
• Y-axis intercept -> bpss
  ( 𝝁 𝒈 ∗ 𝒄𝒈 ) 𝒊 𝒁𝒊𝑮
𝒕𝒂= [𝒎 ( 𝒑𝒊 ) − 𝒎 ( 𝒑 ) ] • Slope -> (-1/Gbpss)
𝒒𝒕 𝟐 𝒑𝒊
Bpss inverse productivity index, in psi^2/cp-MMscf
𝟔
𝟏 . 𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝑻 𝒓𝒆 𝟑
 
𝒃𝒑𝒔𝒔=
𝒌𝒉
𝑳𝑵
[ ( ) ]
𝒕𝒘𝒂
−
𝟒
PROCEDURE - MATTAR & ANDERSON’s
For Oil Wells (undersaturated) For Gas Wells

•Calculate the normalized cumulative •Estimate Gas-in-Place (OGIP)

production (Qn) •Calculate pseudo-time
•Plot q/Dp against Qn •Calculate the normalized cumulative production (Qn) 
•Use linear regression (straight-line) •Plot q/Dp against Qn
•Extrapolate data to x-intercept (OIP) •Obtain best fit & extrapolate OGIP
•Estimate EUR -> determining an •Use new OGIP and repeat procedure
appropriate recovery factor •Estimate EUR 
Application Material Balance Method
 Estimate Initial-Gas-in-Place (G)

Step 1: Use available gas properties, table of Z, µ, p/Z, (p/Zµ) versus p (for gas
system)

Step 2: Plot (p/Zµ) versus p -> Cartesian scale, determine area under the curve

Step 3: Assume value for initial-gas-in-place, G

Step 4: Calculate p/z

Step 5: Calculate ta and normalized cumulative production (Qn)

Application Material Balance Method

Estimate Initial-Gas-in-Place (G)

Step 6: Plot q/∆p vs Qn -> Cartesian scale

Step 7: Obtain Best Fit & Extrapolate the line to the x-axis & read OGIP

Step 8: OGIP from step 7 used for next iteration

Step 9: Estimate EUR

  𝒁𝒊 𝑷𝒊 𝑷𝒂𝒃
𝑬𝑼𝑹= ( −
𝑷𝒊 𝒁𝒊 𝒁𝒂𝒃 )
𝑶𝑮𝑰𝑷
Field Examples - Material Balance
Method
Reservoir parameters:

Pi= 1,335 psia

TR= 120 F

H= 20 ft

G= 0.60

Ф= 0.20

Sw= 0.2
Field Examples- Raw Data & Typecurve
Plots
Field Examples- Raw Data & Typecurve
Plots
Field Examples- Raw Data & Typecurve
Plots
Field Examples- Reserves & Fluids-in-place Analysis
Field Examples- Reserves & Fluids-in-place Analysis
Field Examples- Analytical Model History Match
TYPE CURVE - PALACIO-
BLASINGAME
Fetkovich vs Material Balance Method
Improve upon Fetkovich:

1. Normalizing of rates -> use flowing pressure drop

Plotting a normalized rate (q/Dp)

Enables the effects of back pressure change -> Reservoir analysis

2. Handling the changing compressibility of gas with pressure -> use pseudo-time

3. FMB presented provides a convenient and intuitive -> calculate fluid-in-place

without requiring shut-in pressure (except for pi)

4. FMB has better resolution for boundary dominated flow.

ANASH ET AL.
Decline curve for gas well type
 ANASH TYPE CURVE
• Change in gas properties can significantly affect reservoir performance during
depletion.
• Proposed in three functional forms to describe the product of µgCg as a function of
pressure.
• Expressed the pressure in a dimensionless form, generated from the gas material
balance equation.
• Provided a new method for direct calculation of OGIP without use an iterative method.
• Knowles introduced a straight line linearization scheme. This approach results in a
p/z-squared form)
 GOALS
This decline curve is used to reach the goal. It is to
analyze production performance of gas wells.

From this type of decline curve, we can determine

several parameters, such as:
• Original Gas in Place (G)
• Formation Permeability (k)
• Skin Factor (s)
 BASIC FORMULA
 
In this type curve, material balance for gas well is used as the basic formula

Where:
Dimensionless Pressure
Dimensionless Cumulative Production
So that,
Typical Distribution of the Viscosity-
Compressibility Function
FUNCTIONAL FORM
 
Anash et al. had proposed three functional form to express the product of µgCg as a function of the
dimensionless pressure (PD).
1. First Order Polynomial Model
Derivation of production time, average pressure, and cumulative production equation using p/z squared.
This approach is for gas-reservoir which have initial pressure below 5000 psi.

a. Dimensionless Decline Rate

FUNCTIONAL FORM
  b. Dimensionless Pressure

c. Dimensionless Cumulative Production

First Order Polynomial Curve
 FUCTIONAL FORM
 
2. Exponential Model
The dimensionless pressure, flow rate and cumulative production equations for the exponential
model. This approach is suitable for gas-reservoir which have high initial pressure above 8000
psi.

,
β=unifying parameter (rate-time eq.)
 FUCTIONAL FORM
 
a. Dimensionless Decline Rate

b. Dimensionless Pressure

c. Dimensionless Cumulative Production

Exponential Model Curve
3.  General Polynomial Model
This approach is suitable for gas-reservoir with any range of
pressure. The flow model is expressed by either of the following
first-order ordinary differential equations

Atau  
Note:

, etc.

FUNCTIONAL FORM
General Polynomial Curve
PERFORMANCE ANALYSYS
RELATIONS  
• Use decline type curve to analyze production performance of gas well
• Specifically to determine original gas in place (G), formation permeability (k), and skin factor
(s).
• Estimated using the following relations, derived from definitions of the dimensionless
variables ( and the values obtained from a match point.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSYS
RELATIONS
   
• Original Gas in Place (G) • Skin Factor

With α is the model of the viscosity-

compressibility profile
• Formation Permeability (k)

 
 FIELD EXAMPLE
The West Virginia gas well is a vertical gas well that has been hydraulically fracture and is
undergoing depletion. A summary of the reservoir and fluid properties is given below:

Determine the original gas in place, formation permeability and skin factor for this well!
 FIELD EXAMPLE

Type-curve analysis of West Virginia gas

well
 FIELD EXAMPLE
STEP 1. Prepare a plot of (µiCti/µCt) vs PD (P/Z)/(Pi/Zi)
STEP 2. Select the appropriate functional form
First-Order Polynomial Model
STEP 3. Plot qg as the historical flow rate vs time on a log-
log scale.
STEP 4. Using the type-curve matching and select a match
point, record:
• (qg)mp and (qDd) mp
• (t)mp and (tDd)mp
• (reD)mp
STEP 5. Calculate dimensionless pressure PwD.
STEP 6. Calculate the constant α for the selected model.
 FIELD EXAMPLE
STEP 1. Plot the data to the type curve and match 
it.

STEP
  2. Calculate the Productivity Index
 FIELD EXAMPLE
STEP 3. Calculate the Original Gas in Place (G)  

STEP
  4. Calculate the Formation Permeability (k)
 FIELD EXAMPLE
STEP 5. Calculate Drainage Area  

STEP
  6. Calculate the Skin Factor (s)
• REFERENCES
Ahmed, T. H. (2010). Chapter 16 - Analysis of Decline and Type Curves. In Reservoir engineering handbook. Amsterdam: Gulf
Professional Pub.
• Arshad, A. M.. Well Interpretation-Type Curves. Malaysia : Petroleum Engineering Department Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
• J. Ansah, R.S. Knowles, T.A. Blasingame. 2000. Semi-Analytical (p/z) Rate-Time Relation for the Analyst and Prediction of
Gas Well Performance. SPE Mid-Continent Gas
• Mattar, L. G., Brar, S., and Aziz, K., “Compressibility of Natural Gases,” Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, October–
November 1975, pp. 77–80.
• Mattar, L. and Anderson D.M. 2003. A Systematic and Comprehensive Methodology for Advanced Analysis of Production Data.
Paper SPE 84472 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver Colorado, U.S.A. 5-8
October.
• N. A. Goodluck, "CALCULATION OF ESTIMATED OIL RECOVERY USING CARTER TYPE CURVES," University of
Oklahoma, Oklahoma, 2017.
• Palacio, J. C., & Blasingame, T. A. (1993, January 1). Decline-Curve Analysis With Type Curves - Analysis of Gas Well
Production Data. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/25909-MS
• PetroWiki. 2015. Type Curves. https://petrowiki.org/Type_curves diakses 29 September 2020
• R. D. Carter, "Type Curves for Finite Radial and Linear Gas Flow System : Constant Terminal Pressure Case," SPE, United
State of America, 1985.
THANKS!

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