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Standardized Test Prep

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 Refraction
Chapter 14

Table of Contents
Section 1 Refraction

Section 2 Thin Lenses

Section 3 Optical Phenomena

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Objectives
• Recognize situations in which refraction will occur.

• Identify which direction light will bend when it passes

from one medium to another.

• Solve problems using Snell’s law.

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Refraction of Light
• The bending of light as it travels from one medium to
another is call refraction.

• As a light ray travels from one medium into another

medium where its speed is different, the light ray will
change its direction unless it travels along the normal.

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Refraction

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Refraction of Light, continued

• Refraction can be explained in terms of the wave
model of light.

• The speed of light in a vacuum, c, is an important

constant used by physicists.

• Inside of other mediums, such as air, glass, or

water, the speed of light is different and is usually
less than c.

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Wave Model of Refraction

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

The Law of Refraction

• The index of refraction for a substance is the ratio
of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light
in that substance.
c
n
v
speed of light in a vacuum
index of refraction 
speed of light in medium

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Indices of Refraction for Various Substances

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

The Law of Refraction, continued

• When light passes from a medium with a smaller
index of refraction to one with a larger index of
refraction (like from air to glass), the ray bends
toward the normal.

• When light passes from a medium with a larger

index of refraction to one with a smaller index of
refraction (like from glass to air), the ray bends
away from the normal.

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Refraction

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

The Law of Refraction, continued

• Objects appear to be in different positions due to
refraction.

• Snell’s Law determines the angle of refraction.

ni sin i  nr sin r
index of refraction of first medium  sine of the angle of incidence =
index of refraction of second medium  sine of the angle of refraction

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Image Position for Objects in Different Media

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Sample Problem
Snell’s Law
A light ray of wavelength 589 nm (produced by a
sodium lamp) traveling through air strikes a smooth,
flat slab of crown glass at an angle of 30.0º to the
normal. Find the angle of refraction, r.

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 Section 1 Refraction
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Snell’s Law
Given: i = 30.0º ni = 1.00 nr = 1.52
Unknown: r = ?
Use the equation for Snell’s law.
ni sin i  nr sin r
 ni  1.00 
 r  sin   sin i    sin–1 
–1
 sin30.0º 
 nr   1.52 
 r  19.2º

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Objectives
• Use ray diagrams to find the position of an image
produced by a converging or diverging lens, and
identify the image as real or virtual.

• Solve problems using the thin-lens equation.

• Calculate the magnification of lenses.

• Describe the positioning of lenses in compound

microscopes and refracting telescopes.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Types of Lenses
• A lens is a transparent object that refracts light rays
such that they converge or diverge to create an
image.

• A lens that is thicker in the middle than it is at the rim

is an example of a converging lens.

• A lens that is thinner in the middle than at the rim is

an example of a diverging lens.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Converging and Diverging Lenses

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Types of Lenses, continued

• The focal point is the location where the image of an
object at an infinite distance from a converging lens if
focused.

• Lenses have a focal point on each side of the lens.

• The distance from the focal point to the center of the

lens is called the focal length, f.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Lenses and Focal Length

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14
Focal Length for Converging and Diverging
Lenses

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Types of Lenses, continued

• Ray diagrams of thin-lens systems help identify
image height and location.

• Rules for drawing reference rays

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Characteristics of Lenses
• Converging lenses can produce real or virtual images
of real objects.

• The image produced by a converging lens is real and

inverted when the object is outside the focal point.

• The image produced by a converging lens is virtual

and upright when the object is inside the focal point.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Ray Tracing for a Converging Lens

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Characteristics of Lenses, continued

• Diverging lenses produce virtual images from real
objects.

• The image created by a diverging lens is always a

virtual, smaller image.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Ray Tracing for a Diverging Lens

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

The Thin-Lens Equation and Magnification

• The equation that relates object and image distances
for a lens is call the thin-lens equation.

• It is derived using the assumption that the lens is very

thin.
1 1 1
 
p q f
1 1 1
 
distance from object to lens distance from image to lens focal length

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14
The Thin-Lens Equation and Magnification,
continued

• Magnification of a lens depends on object and image

distances.

h' q
M –
h p
image height distance from image to lens
magnification = –
object height distance from object to lens

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14
The Thin-Lens Equation and Magnification,
continued
• If close attention is
given to the sign
conventions defined in
the table, then the
magnification will
describe the image’s
size and orientation.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem
Lenses
An object is placed 30.0 cm in front of a converging
lens and then 12.5 cm in front of a diverging lens.
Both lenses have a focal length of 10.0 cm. For both
cases, find the image distance and the magnification.
Describe the images.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
1. Define
Given: fconverging = 10.0 cm fdiverging = –10.0 cm
pconverging = 30.0 cm pdiverging = 12.5 cm

Unknown: qconverging = ? qdiverging = ?

Mconverging = ? Mdiverging = ?

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
1. Define, continued
Diagrams:

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: The thin-lens
equation can be used to find the image distance, and
the equation for magnification will serve to describe
the size and orientation of the image.
1 1 1 q
  M–
p q f p

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:
1 1 1
 –
q f p

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
3. Calculate
For the converging lens:
1 1 1 1 1 2
 –  – 
q f p 10.0 cm 30.0 cm 30.0 cm
q  15.0 cm
q 15.0 cm
M– –
p 30.0 cm
M  –0.500

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
3. Calculate, continued
For the diverging lens:
1 1 1 1 1 22.5
 –  – 
q f p –10.0 cm 12.5 cm 125 cm
q  –5.56 cm
q –5.56 cm
M– –
p 12.5 cm
M  0.445

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Sample Problem, continued

Lenses
4. Evaluate
These values and signs for the converging lens
indicate a real, inverted, smaller image. This is
expected because the object distance is longer than
twice the focal length of the converging lens. The
values and signs for the diverging lens indicate a
virtual, upright, smaller image formed inside the focal
point. This is the only kind of image diverging lenses
form.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses

• The transparent front of the eye, called the cornea,
acts like a lens.

• The eye also contains a crystalline lens, that further

refracts light toward the light-sensitive back of the
eye, called the retina.

• Two conditions, myopia and hyperopia, occur when

light is not focused properly retina. Converging and
diverging lenses can be used to correct these
conditions.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Farsighted and Nearsighted

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Combination of Thin Lenses

• An image formed by a lens can be used as the object
for a second lens.

• Compound microscopes use two converging lenses.

Greater magnification can be achieved by combining
two or more lenses.

• Refracting telescopes also use two converging

lenses.

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Compound Light Microscope

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 Section 2 Thin Lenses
Chapter 14

Refracting Telescope

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Objectives
• Predict whether light will be refracted or undergo
total internal reflection.

• Recognize atmospheric conditions that cause

refraction.

• Explain dispersion and phenomena such as

rainbows in terms of the relationship between the
index of refraction and the wavelength.

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Total Internal Reflection

• Total internal reflection can occur when light moves
along a path from a medium with a higher index of
refraction to one with a lower index of refraction.

• At the critical angle, refracted light makes an angle

of 90º with the normal.

• Above the critical angle, total internal reflection

occurs and light is completely reflected within a
substance.

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Total Internal Reflection, continued

• Snell’s law can be used to find the critical angle.
nr
sinC  for ni  nr
ni
index of refraction of second medium
sine  critical angle  
index of refraction of first medium

• Total internal reflection occurs only if the index of

refraction of the first medium is greater than the index
of refraction of the second medium.

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Total Internal Reflection

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Atmospheric Refraction
• Refracted light can
create a mirage.

• A mirage is produced by
the bending of light rays
in the atmosphere
where there are large
temperature differences
between the ground and
the air.

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Dispersion
• Dispersion is the
process of separating
polychromatic light into
its component
wavelengths.

• White light passed

through a prism
produces a visible
spectrum through
dispersion.

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Dispersion of Light

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Rainbows

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 Section 3 Optical Phenomena
Chapter 14

Lens Aberrations
• Chromatic aberration
is the focusing of
different colors of light
at different distances
behind a lens.

• Chromatic aberration
occurs because the
index of refraction
varies for different
wavelengths of light.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice
1. How is light affected by an increase in the index of
refraction?
A. Its frequency increases.
B. Its frequency decreases.
C. Its speed increases.
D. Its speed decreases.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

1. How is light affected by an increase in the index of
refraction?
A. Its frequency increases.
B. Its frequency decreases.
C. Its speed increases.
D. Its speed decreases.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

2. Which of the following conditions is not necessary for
refraction to occur?
F. Both the incident and refracting substances must
be transparent.
G. Both substances must have different indices of
refraction.
H. The light must have only one wavelength.
J. The light must enter at an angle greater than 0°
with respect to the normal.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

2. Which of the following conditions is not necessary for
refraction to occur?
F. Both the incident and refracting substances must
be transparent.
G. Both substances must have different indices of
refraction.
H. The light must have only one wavelength.
J. The light must enter at an angle greater than 0°
with respect to the normal.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the ray diagram 3. What is the focal length
below to answer of the lens?
questions 3–4. A. -12.5 cm
B. -8.33 cm
C. 8.33 cm
D. 12.5 cm

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the ray diagram 3. What is the focal length
below to answer of the lens?
questions 3–4. A. -12.5 cm
B. -8.33 cm
C. 8.33 cm
D. 12.5 cm

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the ray diagram 4. What is true of the
below to answer image formed by the
questions 3–4. lens?
F. real, inverted, and
enlarged
G. real, inverted, and
diminished
H. virtual, upright, and
enlarged
J. virtual, upright, and
diminished
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the ray diagram 4. What is true of the image
below to answer formed by the lens?
questions 3–4. F. real, inverted, and
enlarged
G. real, inverted, and
diminished
H. virtual, upright, and
enlarged
J. virtual, upright, and
diminished

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

5. A block of flint glass with an index of refraction of
1.66 is immersed in oil with an index of refraction of
1.33. How does the critical angle for a refracted light
ray in the glass vary from when the glass is
surrounded by air?
A. It remains unchanged.
B. It increases.
C. It decreases.
D. No total internal reflection takes place when the
glass is placed in the oil.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

5. A block of flint glass with an index of refraction of
1.66 is immersed in oil with an index of refraction of
1.33. How does the critical angle for a refracted light
ray in the glass vary from when the glass is
surrounded by air?
A. It remains unchanged.
B. It increases.
C. It decreases.
D. No total internal reflection takes place when the
glass is placed in the oil.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

6. Which color of light is most refracted during
dispersion by a prism?
F. red
G. yellow
H. green
J. violet

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

6. Which color of light is most refracted during
dispersion by a prism?
F. red
G. yellow
H. green
J. violet

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

7. If an object in air is viewed from beneath the surface
of water below, where does the object appear to be?
A. The object appears above its true position.
B. The object appears exactly at its true position.
C. The object appears below its true position.
D. The object cannot be viewed from beneath the
water’s surface.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

7. If an object in air is viewed from beneath the surface
of water below, where does the object appear to be?
A. The object appears above its true position.
B. The object appears exactly at its true position.
C. The object appears below its true position.
D. The object cannot be viewed from beneath the
water’s surface.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

8. The phenomenon called “looming” is similar to a mirage,
except that the inverted image appears above the object
instead of below it.What must be true if looming is to
occur?
F. The temperature of the air must increase with distance
above the surface.
G. The temperature of the air must decrease with
distance above the surface.
H. The mass of the air must increase with distance
above the surface.
J. The mass of the air must increase with distance above
the surface.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

8. The phenomenon called “looming” is similar to a mirage,
except that the inverted image appears above the object
instead of below it.What must be true if looming is to
occur?
F. The temperature of the air must increase with distance
above the surface.
G. The temperature of the air must decrease with
distance above the surface.
H. The mass of the air must increase with distance
above the surface.
J. The mass of the air must increase with distance above
the surface.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

9. Light with a vacuum wavelength of 500.0 nm passes
into benzene, which has an index of refraction of 1.5.
What is the wavelength of the light within the
benzene?
A. 0.0013 nm
B. 0.0030 nm
C. 330 nm
D. 750 nm

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

9. Light with a vacuum wavelength of 500.0 nm passes
into benzene, which has an index of refraction of 1.5.
What is the wavelength of the light within the
benzene?
A. 0.0013 nm
B. 0.0030 nm
C. 330 nm
D. 750 nm

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

10. Which of the following is not a necessary condition
for seeing a magnified image with a lens?
F. The object and image are on the same side of the
lens.
G. The lens must be converging.
H. The observer must be placed within the focal
length of the lens.
J. The object must be placed within the focal length
of the lens.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Multiple Choice, continued

10. Which of the following is not a necessary condition
for seeing a magnified image with a lens?
F. The object and image are on the same side of the
lens.
G. The lens must be converging.
H. The observer must be placed within the focal
length of the lens.
J. The object must be placed within the focal length
of the lens.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Short Answer
11. In both microscopes and telescopes, at least two
converging lenses are used: one for the objective and
one for the eyepiece. These lenses must be
positioned in such a way that the final image is virtual
and very much enlarged. In terms of the focal points
of the two lenses, how must the lenses be
positioned?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Short Answer, continued

11. In both microscopes and telescopes, at least two
converging lenses are used: one for the objective and
one for the eyepiece. These lenses must be
positioned in such a way that the final image is virtual
and very much enlarged. In terms of the focal points
of the two lenses, how must the lenses be
positioned?

Answer: The focal point of the objective must lie within

the focal point of the eyepiece.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Short Answer, continued

12. A beam of light passes from the fused quartz of a
bottle (n = 1.46) into the ethyl alcohol (n = 1.36) that
is contained inside the bottle. If the beam of the light
inside the quartz makes an angle of 25.0° with
respect to the normal of both substances, at what
angle to the normal will the light enter the alcohol?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Short Answer, continued

12. A beam of light passes from the fused quartz of a
bottle (n = 1.46) into the ethyl alcohol (n = 1.36) that
is contained inside the bottle. If the beam of the light
inside the quartz makes an angle of 25.0° with
respect to the normal of both substances, at what
angle to the normal will the light enter the alcohol?

Answer: 27.0°

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Short Answer, continued

13. A layer of glycerine (n = 1.47) covers a zircon slab
(n = 1.92). At what angle to the normal must a beam
of light pass through the zircon toward the glycerine
so that the light undergoes total internal reflection?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Short Answer, continued

13. A layer of glycerine (n = 1.47) covers a zircon slab
(n = 1.92). At what angle to the normal must a beam
of light pass through the zircon toward the glycerine
so that the light undergoes total internal reflection?

Answer: 50.0º

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response
14. Explain how light passing through raindrops is
reflected and dispersed so that a rainbow is
produced. Include in your explanation why the lower
band of the rainbow is violet and the outer band is
red.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

14. Explain how light passing through raindrops is
reflected and dispersed so that a rainbow is
produced. Include in your explanation why the lower
band of the rainbow is violet and the outer band is
red.
Answer: There are three effects—a refraction, a
reflection, and then a final refraction. The light of
each wavelength in the visible spectrum is refracted
by a different amount: the red light undergoes the
least amount of refraction, and the violet light
undergoes the most. (Answer continued on next
slide.)
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

14. Answer (continued): At the far side of the raindrop, the light
is internally reflected and undergoes refraction again when it
leaves the front side of the raindrop. Because of the internal
reflection, the final dispersion of the light is such that the
violet light makes an angle of 40° with the incident ray, and
the red light makes an angle of 42° with the incident ray. For
an observer, the upper edge of the rainbow has the color of
the light that bends farthest from the incident light, so the
outer band of the rainbow is red. Similarly, the lower edge
has the color of the light that bends least from the incident
light, so the inner band is violet. The net effect is that the ray
that is refracted the most ends up closest to the incident
light, that is, the smallest angular displacement.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
15. What is the focal
length of the lens?

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
15. What is the focal
length of the lens?
Answer: 15 cm

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
16. What is the magnifi-
cation of the coin’s image?

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
16. What is the magnifi-
cation of the coin’s image?
Answer: 1.5

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
17. If the coin has a
diameter of 2.8 cm, what is
the diameter of the coin’s
image?

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
17. If the coin has a
diameter of 2.8 cm, what is
the diameter of the coin’s
image?
Answer: 4.2 cm
Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail
and so places it 5.00 cm in
front of a converging lens.
An image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
18. Is the coin’s image
virtual or real? upright or
inverted?

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 14

Extended Response, continued

Use the ray diagram below A collector wishes to
to answer questions 15–18. observe a coin in detail and
so places it 5.00 cm in front
of a converging lens. An
image forms 7.50 cm in
front of the lens, as shown
in the figure below.
18. Is the coin’s image
virtual or real? upright or
inverted?
Answer: virtual; upright

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.