BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 5
The Working Cell
Modules 5.1 – 5.4
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cool “Fires” Attract Mates and Meals
• Fireflies use light,
instead of chemical
signals, to send signals
to potential mates
• Females can also use
light flashes to attract
males of other firefly
species — as meals, not
mates
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• The light comes from
a set of chemical
reactions, the
luciferin-luciferase
system
• Fireflies make light
energy from chemical
energy
• Life is dependent on
energy conversions
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ENERGY AND THE CELL
• Living cells are compartmentalized by
membranes
• Membranes are sites where chemical reactions
can occur in an orderly manner
• Living cells process energy by means of
enzyme-controlled chemical reactions
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5.1 Energy is the capacity to perform work
• Energy is defined as the capacity to do work
• All organisms require energy to stay alive
• Energy makes change possible
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• Kinetic energy is
energy that is actually
doing work
Figure 5.1A
• Potential energy is
stored energy
Figure 5.1B
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5.2 Two laws govern energy conversion
• First law of thermodynamics
• Energy can be changed from one form to
another
– However, energy cannot be created or destroyed
Figure 5.2A
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• Second law of thermodynamics
• Energy changes are not 100% efficient
– Energy conversions increase disorder, or
entropy
– Some energy is always lost as heat
Figure 5.2B
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5.3 Chemical reactions either store or release
energy
• Cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions
– The sum of these reactions constitutes cellular
metabolism
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• There are two types of chemical reactions:
– Endergonic reactions absorb energy and yield
products rich in potential energy
Potential energy of molecules
Products
Amount of
energy
INPUT
Reactants
Figure 5.3A
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– Exergonic reactions release energy and yield
products that contain less potential energy than
their reactants
Reactants
Potential energy of molecules
Amount of
energy
OUTPUT
Products
Figure 5.3B
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5.4 ATP shuttles chemical energy within the cell
• In cellular respiration, some energy is stored in
ATP molecules
• ATP powers nearly all forms of cellular work
• ATP molecules are the key to energy coupling
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• When the bond joining a phosphate group to
the rest of an ATP molecule is broken by
hydrolysis, the reaction supplies energy for
cellular work
Adenine
Phosphate
groups
Hydrolysis
Energy
Ribose
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
(ADP)
Figure 5.4A
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• How ATP powers cellular work
Potential energy of molecules
Reactants Products
Protein Work
Figure 5.4B
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• The ATP cycle
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Energy from Energy for
exergonic endergonic
reactions reactions
Figure 5.4C
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 5
The Working Cell
Modules 5.5 – 5.9
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HOW ENZYMES WORK
5.5 Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions
by lowering energy barriers
• For a chemical reaction to begin, reactants must
absorb some energy
– This energy is called the energy of activation
(EA)
– This represents the energy barrier that prevents
molecules from breaking down spontaneously
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• A protein catalyst called an enzyme can
decrease the energy barrier
EA
Enzyme
barrier
Reactants
1 Products 2
Figure 5.5A
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EA
without
EA
with enzyme
Reactants enzyme Net
change
in energy
Products
Figure 5.5B
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5.6 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular
reaction
• Enzymes are selective
– This selectivity determines which chemical
reactions occur in a cell
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• How an Enzyme
(sucrase)
Active
site Substrate
(sucrose)
enzyme
works Glucose Fructose 1
4
Enzyme available
Products are with empty active
released site
Substrate is 2
converted to
products Substrate
binds to
enzyme with
Figure 5.6
induced fit
• The enzyme
is unchanged and can repeat the process
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5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme
activity
• Enzyme activity is influenced by
– temperature
– salt concentration
– pH
• Some enzymes require nonprotein cofactors
– Some cofactors are organic molecules called
coenzymes
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5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action
• Inhibitors interfere with enzymes
– A competitive
inhibitor takes Substrate Active
site
the place of a
Enzyme
substrate in the
active site NORMAL BINDING OF SUBSTRATE
– A noncompetitive Competitive
inhibitor
Noncompetitive
inhibitor
inhibitor alters an
enzyme’s function
by changing its shape ENZYME INHIBITION
Figure 5.8
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5.9 Connection: Some pesticides and antibiotics
inhibit enzymes
• Certain pesticides are toxic to insects because
they inhibit key enzymes in the nervous system
• Many antibiotics inhibit enzymes that are
essential to the survival of disease-causing
bacteria
– Penicillin inhibits an enzyme that bacteria use in
making cell walls
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 5
The Working Cell
Modules 5.10 – 5.21
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
5.10 Membranes organize the chemical activities of
cells
• Membranes organize the chemical reactions
making up metabolism
Cytoplasm
Figure 5.10
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• Membranes are selectively permeable
– They control the flow of substances into and out
of a cell
• Membranes can hold teams of enzymes that
function in metabolism
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5.11 Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer
• Phospholipids are Head
the main
structural
components of
membranes
• They each have a
hydrophilic head Symbol
and two
hydrophobic tails
Tails
Figure 5.11A
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• In water, phospholipids form a stable bilayer
– The heads face outward and the tails face
inward
Water
Hydrophilic
heads
Hydrophobic
tails
Water
Figure 5.11B
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5.12 The membrane is a fluid mosaic of
phospholipids and proteins
• Phospholipid molecules form a flexible bilayer
– Cholesterol and protein molecules are embedded
in it
– Carbohydrates act as cell identification tags
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• The plasma membrane of an animal cell
Glycoprotein Carbohydrate
(of
glycoprotein)
Fibers of the
extracellular
matrix
Glycolipid
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Microfilaments Proteins
of the
cytoskeleton CYTOPLASM
Figure 5.12
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5.13 Proteins make the membrane a mosaic of
function
• Some membrane proteins form cell junctions
• Others transport substances across the
membrane
Figure 5.13 Transport
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• Many membrane proteins are enzymes
• Some proteins function as receptors for
chemical messages from other cells
– The binding of a messenger to a receptor may
trigger signal transduction
Messenger molecule
Receptor
Activated
molecule
Figure 5.13 Enzyme activity Signal transduction
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5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a
membrane
• In passive transport,
Molecule
substances diffuse of dye Membrane EQUILIBRIUM
through membranes
without work by the
cell
– They spread from
EQUILIBRIUM
areas of high
concentration to
areas of lower
concentration
Figure 5.14A & B
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5.15 Osmosis is the passive transport of water
Hypotonic Hypertonic
• In osmosis, water solution solution
travels from an
area of lower
solute Selectively Solute
concentration to permeable
membrane
molecule
an area of higher HYPOTONIC SOLUTION HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
Water
solute molecule
concentration
Selectively
permeable Solute molecule with
membrane cluster of water molecules
NET FLOW OF WATER Figure 5.15
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5.16 Water balance between cells and their
surroundings is crucial to organisms
• Osmosis causes cells to shrink in a hypertonic
solution and swell in a hypotonic solution
– The control of water balance
(osmoregulation) is essential for organisms
ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
ANIMAL
CELL
(1) Normal (2) Lysing (3) Shriveled
Plasma
membrane
PLANT
CELL
Figure 5.16 (4) Flaccid (5) Turgid (6) Shriveled
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5.17 Transport proteins facilitate diffusion across
membranes
• Small nonpolar molecules diffuse freely through
the phospholipid bilayer
• Many other kinds of molecules pass through
selective protein pores by facilitated diffusion
Solute
molecule
Transport
protein
Figure 5.17
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5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport
• Transport proteins can move solutes across a
membrane against a concentration gradient
– This is called active transport
– Active transport requires ATP
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FLUID Phosphorylated
• Active OUTSIDE
CELL
Transport
protein
transport protein
transport in
two solutes
across a First
membrane
solute
1 First solute, 2 ATP transfers 3 Protein releases
inside cell, phosphate to solute outside
binds to protein protein cell
Second
solute
4 Second solute 5 Phosphate 6 Protein releases
binds to protein detaches from second solute
Figure 5.18 protein into cell
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5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large
molecules
• To move large molecules or particles through a
membrane
– a vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel
its contents (exocytosis)
FLUID OUTSIDE CELL
CYTOPLASM
Figure 5.19A
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– or the membrane may fold inward, trapping
material from the outside (endocytosis)
Figure 5.19B
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• Three kinds of endocytosis
Pseudopod of Food being Plasma Material bound to
amoeba ingested membrane receptor proteins
PIT
Cytoplasm
Figure 5.19C
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5.20 Connection: Faulty membranes can overload
the blood with cholesterol
• Harmful levels of cholesterol can accumulate in
the blood if membranes lack cholesterol
receptors
Phospholipid
LDL PARTICLE outer layer
Receptor protein
Protein
Cholesterol
Plasma membrane Vesicle
CYTOPLASM
Figure 5.20
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5.21 Chloroplasts and mitochondria make energy
available for cellular work
• Enzymes and membranes are central to the
processes that make energy available to the cell
• Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, using
solar energy to produce glucose and oxygen
from carbon dioxide and water
• Mitochondria consume oxygen in cellular
respiration, using the energy stored in glucose
to make ATP
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Sunlight energy
• Nearly all the chemical
energy that organisms
use comes ultimately Chloroplasts,
site of photosynthesis
from sunlight CO2 Glucose
+ +
H2 O Mitochondria O2
• Chemicals recycle sites of cellular
respiration
among living organisms
and their environment
(for cellular work)
Figure 5.21 Heat energy
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