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LIPID
METABOLISM GROUP 5 ROLES OF LIPIDS • Largest energy storage • Insulation • Carrier • Fat Soluble Vitamins • Structural Components • Membranes • Hormones TYPES OF LIPIDS 1. Simple Lipids – Mostly Triglycerides. a. Principle Storage form b. >95% of body fat i. Mostly in ADIPOSE CELLS ii. Some in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle
2. Triglyceride – One Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids.
a. All have linear C Chain b. 14-22 C long c. Saturated or unsaturated LIPID METABOLISM - Lipid metabolism is referred to the synthesis and degradation of lipids within the cells, either break down or storage of fats for energy.
- These fats are obtained from consuming food and absorbing them or they are synthesized by an animal's liver.
- However, complete combustion of fatty acids requires glucose to
convert it in to carbon dioxide, water and ATP, otherwise ketones are produced. Digestion and Absorption of the Lipids Digestion of Triglycerides Two step process: A. Emulsification – Breaking down of large fat globule into smaller ones. Occurs in: o Mouth (Chewing) o Stomach (Peristaltic Contractions) o Intestine (peristaltic movement, bile salts, lysophospholipids B. Lipase Enzyme
Types:
a. Lingual Lipase – Secreted by the dorsal surface of the tongue (Von-Ebner’s gland). b. Gastric Lipase – Triacyglycerols Short and medium free fatty acids & 1,2 – Diacylglycerols.
c. Pancreatic Lipase –
d. Intestinal Lipase - Act within intestinal mucosal cells, it hydrolyze the absorbed primary (α) monoglycerides forming glycerol and FFA. Digestion of Phospholipids Phospholipids Phospholipase Lysophospholipids.
• Intestinal phospholipase may complete the hydrolysis of lysophospholipids.
• Phospholipase A2 activated by trypsin & requires bile salts for activity.
Digestion of Cholesterol esters:
Cholesterol Esters Cholesterol Esterase FA & Free Cholesterol. Absorption of Lipids The end products of lipid digestion are: monoglycerides, FA, glycerol, cholesterol & lysophospholipids.
1 – Glycerol and short chain FA:
Water soluble carried through portal circulation.
2- Long chain FA, monoglycerides, cholesterol & lysophospholipids: Need bile salts to be absorbed.
Note # Immediately after absorption of lipids there is turbidity in plasma observed due to circulating chylomicrons (appear in plasma up to 2 hours after meals). •Chylomicrons are ultra low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). • This turbidity is soon cleared by lipoprotein lipase enzyme (clearing factor). Lipoprotein lipase breaks Chylomicrons into Glycerol and FA. Mechanism of Lipid Transport and Absorptions Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty acids Synthesis start in cytoplasm with help of acetyl-CoA and NADPH produced from mitochondria and Pentose phosphate Pathway (PPP) respectively using enzyme fatty acid synthases.
First acetyl-CoA transported from mitochondria through citrate—malatepyruvate –Shuttle
in form of citrate, which further breaks into Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate.
Only small chain fatty acids get synthesized in to cytoplasm, so the synthesis of long chain fatty acids like Triacylglycerol required specialized organ like Liver.
•The liver is the major site for converting excess carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids and triglyceride. The liver synthesizes large quantities of cholesterol and phospholipids. After synthesis, VLDL lipoproteins are then exported through blood circulation and stored in adipose tissue. A small fraction is also converted to small ketone molecules that are exported via the circulation to peripheral tissues, where they are metabolized to yield energy .
Transport of ACETYL-COA to Cytoplasm
Note: The conversion of carbohydrates of fatty acid is called LIPOGENESIS. As Lipogenesis defines as a metabolic process through which ACETYL-COA is concerted into Triglyceride for storage in fat.
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS:
1. ENERGY SOURCE, AS LIPID PROVIDES 9.1 KCAL OF ENERGY PER GRAM. 2. TRIGLYCERIDES PROVIDE ENERGY STORAGES IN ADIPOCYTES. 3. PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES, SPHINGOLIPIDS AND STEROIDS ARE STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE. 4. STEROIDS, HORMONES ARE INTRACELLULAR MESSANGERS. 5. LIPIDS – SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A, E, D AND K). 6. ACT AS REGULATORY SUBSTANCES. 7. AS RECEPTORS IN NERVE ENDING MEMBRANES 8. ENZYME CO-FACTORS. Instructions for use In order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide.
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