[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
121 views24 pages

Dictionary, Its Built-In Functions and Methods

This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It explains that dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs. Keys must be unique and immutable, while values can be of any data type. Dictionaries can be created using curly braces or the dict() function. Elements can be accessed, added, changed, and removed using keys. Common dictionary methods like get(), update(), pop(), clear(), and keys() are also explained along with examples. Nested dictionaries and built-in functions like len() are demonstrated.

Uploaded by

Obulesh A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
121 views24 pages

Dictionary, Its Built-In Functions and Methods

This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It explains that dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs. Keys must be unique and immutable, while values can be of any data type. Dictionaries can be created using curly braces or the dict() function. Elements can be accessed, added, changed, and removed using keys. Common dictionary methods like get(), update(), pop(), clear(), and keys() are also explained along with examples. Nested dictionaries and built-in functions like len() are demonstrated.

Uploaded by

Obulesh A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Dictionary, its built-in functions

and methods
Dictionary
Dictionary is an unordered collection of items.
Each item of a dictionary has a key/value pair
creating a dictionary
Creating a dictionary is as simple as placing items
inside curly braces { } separated by commas
An item has a key and a corresponding value that is
expressed as a pair (key: value)
keys must be of immutable type
(string, number or tuple) and must be unique
values can be of any data type and can repeat
Dictionary
creating a dictionary:
# empty dictionary
my_dict = {}

# dictionary with integer keys


my_dict = {1: 'apple', 2: 'ball'}

# dictionary with mixed keys


my_dict = {'name': 'John', 1: [2, 4, 3]}

# using dict()
my_dict = dict({1:'apple', 2:'ball'})

# from sequence having each item as a pair


my_dict = dict([(1,'apple'), (2,'ball')])
Accessing elements from a Dictionary

Dictionary uses keys to access values


Keys can be used either inside square brackets [] 
If we use the square brackets [], KeyError is raised
in case a key is not found in the dictionary
Example:
my_dict = {'name': ‘Jwalanth', 'age': 26}
# Output: Jwalanth
print(my_dict['name']) # Output: 26

# KeyError
print(my_dict['address'])
Changing and Adding Dictionary
elements
Dictionaries are mutable. We can add new items or change
the value of existing items using an assignment operator.
If the key is already present, then the existing value gets
updated. In case the key is not present, a new (key: value)
pair is added to the dictionary
# Changing and adding Dictionary Elements
my_dict = {'name': 'Jack', 'age': 26}
# update value
my_dict['age'] = 27
print(my_dict) #Output: {'age': 27, 'name': 'Jack'}
# add item
my_dict['address'] = 'Downtown'
print(my_dict)
# Output: {'address': 'Downtown', 'age': 27, 'name': 'Jack'}
Removing elements from Dictionary
We can delete an item from a dictionary using the
keyword del. It can even delete the dictionary
entirely
# Deleting items
my_dict = { ‘Rollno’ : 101, ‘Name’ : ‘Arav’ , ‘Course’: ‘B.Tech’}
# delete one item
del my_dict[‘Course’]
print(my_dict)

# delete entire dictionary


del my_dict
# Error: Dictionary not defined print(my_dictionary)
Looping over a dictionary
 Wecan loop over a dictionary to access only values, only
keys and both using the for loop
Example:
my_dict = { ‘Rollno’ : 101, ‘Name’ : ‘Arav’ , ‘Course’: ‘B.Tech’}
print(‘keys=’, end= ‘ ’)
for key in my_dict :
print(key, end= ‘ ’)
print(‘Values=’, end= ‘ ’)
for val in my_dict.values():
print(val, end=‘ ’)
print(‘Dictionary’)
for key, val in my_dict.items():
print(key, val, ‘\t’, end=‘ ’)
Nested Dictionary

Example:
Students ={ ‘Ram’ : {‘DLD’:90, ‘PP’:98, ‘OOP’:89},
‘Krish’ : {‘DLD’:85, ‘PP’:84, ‘OOP’:81},
‘Lakshmi’ : {‘DLD’:100, ‘PP’:99, ‘OOP’:97}}
for key, val in Students.items():
print(key, val)
Dictionary Methods
clear() method removes all items from the
dictionary.
Example:
d = {1: "one", 2: "two"}
d.clear()
print('d =', d)
Output:
d = {}
Dictionary Methods
copy() method returns a shallow copy of the
dictionary.
Example:
original = {1:'one', 2:'two'}
new = original.copy()
print('Orignal: ', original)
print('New: ', new)
Output:
Orignal: {1: 'one', 2: 'two'}
New: {1: 'one', 2: 'two'}
Dictionary Methods
fromkeys(sequence[, value]) method creates a new
dictionary from the given sequence of elements with a
value provided by the user.
sequence - sequence of elements which is to be used as
keys for the new dictionary
value (Optional) - value which is set to each each
element of the dictionary
Example:
# vowels keys
keys = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' }
vals = ‘vowels’
vowels = dict.fromkeys(keys)
print(vowels)
Output: {'i': None, 'a': None, 'u': None, 'o': None, 'e': None}
Dictionary Methods
get(key[, value]) - returns the value for the specified
key if key is in dictionary
key - key to be searched in the dictionary
value (optional) - Value to be returned if the key is not
found. The default value is None
Example:
person = {'name': 'Phill', 'age': 22}
print('Name: ', person.get('name'))
print('Age: ', person.get('age'))
# value is not provided
print('Salary: ', person.get('salary'))
# value is provided
print('Salary: ', person.get('salary', 0.0))
Dictionary Methods
items() method returns a view object that displays
a dictionary of dictionary's (key, value) tuple pairs
Example:
# random sales dictionary
sales = { 'apple': 2, 'orange': 3, 'grapes': 4 }
print(sales.items())
Output:
dict_items([('apple', 2), ('orange', 3), ('grapes', 4)])
dictionary Methods

keys() method returns a view object that


displays a dictionary of all the keys in the
dictionary
Example:
person = {'name': 'Phill', 'age': 22, 'salary': 3500.0}
print(person.keys())
empty_dict = {}
print(empty_dict.keys())
Output:
dict_keys(['name', 'salary', 'age'])
dict_keys([])
Dictionary Methods
 popitem() method removes and returns the last element (key,
value) pair inserted into the dictionary
 Returns the latest inserted element (key,value) pair from the
dictionary and removes the returned element pair from the
dictionary.
Example:
person = {'name': 'Phill', 'age': 22, 'salary': 3500.0}
# ('salary', 3500.0) is inserted at the last, so it is removed.
result = person.popitem()
print('Return Value = ', result)
print('person = ', person)
# inserting a new element pair
person['profession'] = 'Plumber'
# now ('profession', 'Plumber') is the latest element
result = person.popitem()
popitem() example program output
Output
Return Value = ('salary', 3500.0)
person = {'name': 'Phill', 'age': 22} Return
Value = ('profession', 'Plumber') person =
{'name': 'Phill', 'age': 22}
 The popitem() method raises a KeyError error if
the dictionary is empty
Dictionary Methods
setdefault(key[, default_value]) -- method returns the
value of a key (if the key is in dictionary). If not, it inserts
key with a value to the dictionary.
 key - the key to be searched in the dictionary
default_value (optional) - key with a
value default_value is inserted to the dictionary if the key
is not in the dictionary.
If not provided, the default_value will be None
Return Value from setdefault()
setdefault() returns:
value of the key if it is in the dictionary
None if the key is not in the dictionary and default_value
is not specified
default_value if key is not in the dictionary
and default_value is specified
setdefault() example program
person = {'name': 'Phill'}
# key is not in the dictionary
salary = person.setdefault('salary')
print('person = ',person)
print('salary = ',salary)
# key is not in the dictionary and default_value is provided
age = person.setdefault('age', 22)
print('person = ',person)
print('age = ',age)
Output:
person = {'name': 'Phill', 'salary': None}
salary = None
person = {'name': 'Phill', 'age': 22, 'salary': None}
age = 22
Dictionary Methods
pop(key[, default]) - method removes and returns an element
from a dictionary having the given key
 key - key which is to be searched for removal
default - value which is to be returned when the key is not
in the dictionary
Example:
sales = { 'apple': 2, 'orange': 3, 'grapes': 4 }
element = sales.pop('apple')
print('The popped element is:', element)
print('The dictionary is:', sales)
Output:
The popped element is: 2
The dictionary is: {'orange': 3, 'grapes': 4}
If key is not found and default argument is not specified
- KeyError exception is raised
Dictionary Methods
values() method returns a view object that
displays a list of all the values in the
dictionary.
Example:
sales = { 'apple': 2, 'orange': 3, 'grapes': 4 }
print(sales.values())
Output:
dict_values([2, 4, 3])
Example program when tuple is used
as argument to the update()

d = {'x': 2}
d.update(y = 3, z = 0)
print(d)

Output
{'x': 2, 'y': 3, 'z': 0}
Dictionary Methods
update([other]) method updates the dictionary with the elements from
the another dictionary object or from an iterable of key/value pairs
The update() method takes either a dictionary or an iterable object of
key/value pairs (generally tuples).
If update() is called without passing parameters, the dictionary remains
unchanged.
Example:
d = {1: "one", 2: "three"}
d1 = {2: "two"}
# updates the value of key 2
d.update(d1)
print(d)
d1 = {3: "three"}
# adds element with key 3 d.
update(d1) print(d)
Output:
{1: 'one', 2: 'two'}
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three‘}
Dictionary functions
Python has some built-in aggregate functions like:
Len(dict) – returns the length of the given
dictionray
my_dict = { ‘Rollno’ : 101, ‘Name’ : ‘Arav’ , ‘Course’:
‘B.Tech’}
print(len(my_dict)) #output: 3
all()Return True if all keys of the dictionary are
True (or if the dictionary is empty).
any() function returns True if any element of an
iterable is True. If not, any() returns False.
# 0 is False d = {0: 'False'}
print(any(d)) # 1 is True d = {0: 'False', 1: 'True'}
print(any(d))
Thank you

You might also like