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Introduction
Sound
Sound Intensity and Level
Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
Interactions with Sound Waves
Further Topics
Sound
Sound > Introduction
Introduction
• Characteristics of Sound
• Frequency of Sound Waves
• Sound Production: Vibrating String and Air Columns
• Quality of Sound
• Speed of Sound
www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/sound-16/introduction-128/
Sound > Sound Intensity and Level
Sound Intensity and Level

• Intensity
• Human Perception of Sound
• Decibels
www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/sound-16/sound-intensity-and-level-129/
Sound > Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

• Moving Observer
• Moving Source
• General Case
• Sonic Booms
www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/sound-16/doppler-effect-and-sonic-booms-130/
Sound > Interactions with Sound Waves
Interactions with Sound Waves

• Superposition
• Interference
• Beats
• The Ear
• Applications: Ultrasound, Sonar, and Medical Imaging
www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/sound-16/interactions-with-sound-waves-131/
Sound > Further Topics
Further Topics
• Spherical and Plane Waves
• Standing Waves on a String
• Standing Waves in Air Columns
• Forced Vibrations and Resonance
www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/sound-16/further-topics-132/
Appendix
Sound
Key terms
• amplitude The maximum absolute value of some quantity that varies.
• amplitude The maximum absolute value of some quantity that varies.
• antinode A region of maximum amplitude situated between adjacent nodes of a vibrating body, such as a string
• antinode A region of maximum amplitude situated between adjacent nodes of a vibrating body, such as a string
• classical physics All aspects of physics developed before the rise of quantum mechanics.
• cochlea The complex, spirally coiled, tapered cavity of the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve
impulses.
• coherent Of waves having the same direction, wavelength and phase, as light in a laser.
• constructive interference Occurs when waves interfere with each other crest to crest and the waves are exactly in phase with
each other.
• constructive interference Occurs when waves interfere with each other crest to crest and the waves are exactly in phase with
each other.
• damping The reduction in the magnitude of oscillations by the dissipation of energy
• decibel A common measure of sound intensity that is one tenth of a bel on the logarithmic intensity scale. It is defined as dB =
10 * log10(P 1/P 2), where P1 and P2 are the relative powers of the sound.
• decibel A common measure of sound intensity that is one tenth of a bel on the logarithmic intensity scale. It is defined as dB =
10 * log10(P 1/P 2), where P1 and P2 are the relative powers of the sound.
Sound
• destructive interference Occurs when waves interfere with each other crest to trough (peak to valley) and are exactly out of
phase with each other.
• destructive interference Occurs when waves interfere with each other crest to trough (peak to valley) and are exactly out of
phase with each other.
• displacement A vector quantity that denotes distance with a directional component.
• doppler effect Apparent change in frequency of a wave when the observer and the source of the wave move relative to each
other.
other.
other.
• eardrum A thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and transmits sound from the air to the malleus.
• elasticity The property by virtue of which a material deformed under the load can regain its original dimensions when unloaded
• epithelium a membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells that forms the covering of most internal and external
surfaces of the body and its organs (internally, the lining of vessels and other small cavities; externally, the skin)
• frequency The quotient of the number of times n a periodic phenomenon occurs over the time t in which it occurs: f = n / t.
• frequency The quotient of the number of times (n) a periodic phenomenon occurs over a unit of time (t): f = n / t.
Sound
• Hertz Measurement of sound frequency.
• Hertz In the International System of Units, the derived unit of frequency; one (period or cycle of any periodic event) per
second. Symbol: Hz
• interfere (of waves) To be correlated with each other when overlapped or superposed.
• kelvin in the International System of Units, the base unit of thermodynamic temperature; 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water; symbolized as K
• Mach number The ratio of the velocity of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium.
• media General term for different types of materials.
• natural frequency The frequency at which a system vibrates on its own. For a spring (spring constant k) with an object of mass
m attached, the natural frequency is given as .
• nerve impulse the signal transmitted along a nerve fiber, either in response to a stimulus (such as touch, pain, or heat), or as
an instruction (such as causing a muscle to contract)
• neurotransmitter any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse
between two neurons
• node Point on a wave where there is no displacement.
Sound
• node Point on a wave where there is no displacement.

• Objective measurement Taken by tools to gauge accuracy.
• period The duration of one cycle in a repeating event.
• phon A unit of apparent loudness, equal in number to the intensity in decibels of a 1,000-hertz tone judged to be as loud as the
sound being measured.
• sonic boom The audible effect of a shock wave in the air, especially one caused by an aircraft flying faster then the speed of
sound
• Subjective measurement Based on a comparison to a previous experience, opinion.
• superimpose To place an object over another object.
• superposition The summing of two or more field contributions occupying the same space.
• The Doppler Effect Apparent change in frequency of a wave when the observer and the source of the wave move relative to
each other.
• transverse wave Any wave in which the direction of disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel.
• wavefront An imaginary surface passing through points of a medium oscillating in phase.
Sound
Standing Waves in a String

Vibration, standing waves in a string. The fundamental and the first 6 overtones form a harmonic series.
Wikipedia. "Harmonic partials on strings." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harmonic_partials_on_strings.svg View on Boundless.com
Sound
Plane Wave
Plane waves are an infinite number of wavefronts normal to the direction of the propogation.
Wikipedia. "Plane Wave 3D Animation 300x216 255Colors." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plane_Wave_3D_Animation_300x216_255Colors.gif
View on Boundless.com
Sound
Frequency
A sound wave emanates from a source vibrating at a frequency f, propagates at v, and has a wavelength λ.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength. December 23, 2012." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42256/latest/
Sound
Sound Intensity
Graphs of the gauge pressures in two sound waves of different intensities. The more intense sound is produced by a source that has larger-amplitude
oscillations and has greater pressure maxima and minima. Because pressures are higher in the greater-intensity sound, it can exert larger forces on the
objects it encounters
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Sound Intensity and Sound Level. December 24, 2012." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42257/latest/
Sound
Standing Wave on a String

This is what a standing wave would look like if you were to slow it down. The wave is caused by an incident wave on a string being reflected and then
traveling back in the direction it came from. The two waves then meet and interfere with each other causing this phenomenon.
Wikipedia. "Standing wave." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standing_wave.gif View on Boundless.com
Sound
Fixed End Reflection

When a transverse wave meets a fixed end, the wave is reflected, but inverted.
OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams (Free High School Science Texts Project), Mark Horner, and Heather Williams, Transverse Waves - Grade 10. February 2, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m32635/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Sound
Standing Wave in Air Column

The same standing wave is created in the tube by a vibration introduced near its closed end.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns. February 23, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m42296/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Sound
Frequency Animation
Three flashing lights, from lowest frequency (top) to highest frequency (bottom). f is the frequency in hertz (Hz); or the number of cycles per second. T is
the period in seconds (s); or the number of seconds per cycle. T and f are reciprocals.
Wikipedia. "FrequencyAnimation." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FrequencyAnimation.gif View on Boundless.com
Sound
Sonic Boom Gif

The sound source has now broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at 1.4 times the speed of sound, (Mach 1.4). Since the source is
moving faster (with a speed ) than the sound waves it creates, it actually leads the advancing wavefront. The sound source will pass by a stationary
observer (with a speed ) before the observer actually hears the sound it creates.
Wikipedia. "Sonic boom." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom View on Boundless.com
Sound
Sound Frequencies
The quality of a tone depends on its mixture of harmonics.
OpenStax CNX. "Free High School Science Texts Project, The Physics of Musics: Resonance and Sound Quality. December 23, 2012." CC BY 3.0
Sound
Huygen-Fresnel Principle
The Huygen-Fresnel Principle uses the law of refraction. Each point on the wave produces waves which interfere with each other either constructively or
destructively.
Wikipedia. "Refraction on an aperture - Huygens-Fresnel principle." CC BY-SA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Refraction_on_an_aperture_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle.svg View on Boundless.com
Sound
Breaking the Sound Barrier

This familiar image is of a plane that is moving faster than the speed of sound.
Wikipedia. "FA-18 Hornet breaking sound barrier (7 July 1999) - filtered." Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_(7_July_1999)_-_filtered.jpg View on Boundless.com
Sound
Faster than the Speed of Sound

This is a jet that is just about to break the sound barrier.
Wikipedia. "FA-18 Hornet breaking sound barrier (7 July 1999) - filtered." Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_(7_July_1999)_-_filtered.jpg View on Boundless.com
Sound
The Doppler Effect

The same sound source is radiating sound waves at a constant frequency in the same medium. However, now the sound source is moving to the right
with a speed υs = 0.7 c (Mach 0.7). The wave-fronts are produced with the same frequency as before. However, since the source is moving, the centre
of each new wavefront is now slightly displaced to the right. As a result, the wave-fronts begin to bunch up on the right side (in front of) and spread
further apart on the left side (behind) of the source.
Wikipedia. "Dopplereffectsourcemovingrightatmach0.7." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dopplereffectsourcemovingrightatmach0.7.gif
Sound
Superposition of Non-Identical Waves

Superposition of non-identical waves exhibits both constructive and destructive interference.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Superposition and Interference. January 16, 2015." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42249/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Sound
Superposition
Superposition is when two waves add together. In this figure, the two waves add together and cancel out leaving no wave. This is destructive
interference.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Superposition and Interference. January 16, 2015." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42249/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Sound
Spherical Wave
When waves are produced from a point source, they are spherical waves.
Wikipedia. "Spherical Wave." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spherical_Wave.gif View on Boundless.com
Sound
Damping
The amplitude of a harmonic oscillator is a function of the frequency of the driving force. The curves represent the same oscillator with the same natural
frequency but with different amounts of damping. Resonance occurs when the driving frequency equals the natural frequency, and the greatest response
is for the least amount of damping. The narrowest response is also for the least amount of damping.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Forced Oscillations and Resonance. February 23, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42247/latest/
Sound
An Air column in a tube closed at one end

The fundamental and three lowest overtones for a tube closed at one end. All have maximum air displacements at the open end and none at the closed
end.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns. December 23, 2012." CC BY 3.0
Sound
The Human Ear

A detailed diagram of the human ear.
OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams, Free High School Science Texts Project, Mark Horner, and Heather Williams, Sound - Grade 11. December 24, 2012." CC BY 3.0
Sound
The Doppler Effect

Sound
Sonic Boom
A sonic boom produced by an aircraft moving at M=2.92, calculated from the cone angle of 20 degrees. An observer hears the boom when the shock
wave, on the edges of the cone, crosses his or her location
Wikipedia. "Sonic boom." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonic_boom.svg View on Boundless.com
Sound
Free End Reflection

The wave is reflected, but unlike a transverse wave with a fixed end, it is not inverted.
OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams (Free High School Science Texts Project), Mark Horner, and Heather Williams, Transverse Waves - Grade 10. February 2, 2013."
CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m32635/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Sound
Interference
Two overlapping waves exhibit interference.
Wikipedia. "Interference." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference View on Boundless.com
Sound
Beat Frequency
Beats are produced by the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies but identical amplitudes.The waves alternate in time between
constructive interference and destructive interference, giving the resulting wave a time-varying amplitude.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Superposition and Interference. February 9, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42249/latest/Figure_17_10_08a.jpg
Sound
Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge

In 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington state collapsed. Heavy cross winds drove the bridge into oscillations at its resonant frequency. The
damping decreased when support cables broke loose and started to slip over the towers, allowing increasingly greater amplitudes until the structure
failed. (credit: PRI's Studio 360, via Flickr)
Sound
Sound Intensity and Decibels
Sound
Sound and the Doppler Effect

This video introduces sound waves. The first video describes the basics of sound while the second video looks at the Doppler Effect.
Sound
The Fletcher Munson Chart

The Fletcher-Munson equal-loudness contours. Phons are labelled in blue
Wikibooks. "Physics Study Guide/Sound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Physics_Study_Guide/Sound View on Boundless.com
Sound
The First Four Harmonics

The fundamental and three lowest overtones for a tube closed at one end. All have maximum air displacements at the open end and none at the closed
end.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns. February 23, 2013." CC BY 3.0
Sound
Anatomy of the Human Ear

Anatomy of the human ear; the length of the auditory canal is exaggerated for viewing purposes
Wikipedia. "Anatomy of the Human Ear." CC BY 2.5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg View on Boundless.com
Sound
Constructive Interference
Pure constructive interference of two identical waves produces one with twice the amplitude, but the same wavelength.
OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Superposition and Interference. February 6, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42249/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Sound
Sonar
Ships on the ocean make use of the reflecting properties of sound waves to determine the depth of the ocean. A sound wave is transmitted and bounces
off the seabed. Because the speed of sound is known and the time lapse between sending and receiving the sound can be measured, the distance from
the ship to the bottom of the ocean can be determined.
OpenStax CNX. "Free High School Science Texts Project, Sound: Applications. February 8, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m38800/latest/PG11C5_005.png View on Boundless.com
Sound
Paddle Balls and Frequencies

The paddle ball on its rubber band moves in response to the finger supporting it. If the finger moves with the natural frequency f0 of the ball on the rubber
band, then a resonance is achieved, and the amplitude of the ball's oscillations increases dramatically. At higher and lower driving frequencies, energy is
transferred to the ball less efficiently, and it responds with lower-amplitude oscillations.
Sound
The Doppler Effect

Sound
Attribution
• Wiktionary. "frequency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency
• OpenStax CNX. "Free High School Science Texts Project, Sound: Applications. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m38800/latest/
• OpenStax CNX. "Free High School Science Texts Project, Sound: Applications. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
• Wiktionary. "damping." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/damping
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/natural-frequency
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Forced Oscillations and Resonance. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/objective-measurement
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/subjective-measurement
• OpenStax CNX. "Free High School Science Texts Project, The Physics of Musics: Resonance and Sound Quality. September
17, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m39050/latest/
• Wikipedia. "Sound quality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_quality
• Wiktionary. "interfere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interfere
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/superposition
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Superposition and Interference. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
• Wiktionary. "amplitude." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude
• Wiktionary. "decibel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decibel
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Sound Intensity and Sound Level.
Free to share,September 17,and2013."
print, make copies changes.CC BY 3.0
Get yours at www.boundless.com
Sound
• Wiktionary. "wavefront." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wavefront

• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/destructive-interference
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/constructive-interference
• Wikipedia. "Plane waves." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_waves
• Wikipedia. "Huygens principle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens_principle
• Wikipedia. "Plane wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave
• Wiktionary. "sonic boom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sonic_boom
• Wiktionary. "Mach number." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mach_number
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/doppler-effect--2
• Wikipedia. "Sonic boom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom
• Wikipedia. "Sonic boom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom
• Wiktionary. "superimpose." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superimpose
• Wikipedia. "Superposition principle." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle%23Application_to_waves
• Wiktionary. "nerve impulse." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nerve_impulse
• Wiktionary. "neurotransmitter." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurotransmitter
• Wiktionary. "epithelium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epithelium
• Wikipedia. "Ear." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear
Sound
• OpenStax CNX. "Catherine Schmidt-Jones, Sound and Ears. September 17, 2013." CC BY 3.0
• Wiktionary. "coherent." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coherent
• Wiktionary. "displacement." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/displacement
• Wiktionary. "amplitude." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude
• Wikipedia. "Superposition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition
• Wiktionary. "cochlea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochlea
• Wiktionary. "eardrum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eardrum
• OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams, Free High School Science Texts Project, Mark Horner, and Heather Williams, Sound - Grade
11. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m32834/latest/
• Wikipedia. "Psychoacoustics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustics
• Wiktionary. "antinode." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antinode
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/node
• Wikipedia. "Wind instrument." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument
• Wikipedia. "Vibrating string." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrating_string
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns. September 18,
2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42296/latest/
• Wikipedia. "period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/period
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/hertz--2
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m42256/latest/ Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Sound
• Wikipedia. "Hertz." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz

• Wikipedia. "Sound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound
• Wikipedia. "Frequency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/the-doppler-effect
• Wikipedia. "Doppler effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect%23General
• OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams, Free High School Science Texts Project, Kosma von Maltitz, and Heather Williams, Doppler
Effect. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m30847/latest/
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0
• Wiktionary. "phon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phon
• Wiktionary. "decibel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decibel
• Wikipedia. "Decibels." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibels
• Wikibooks. "Physics Study Guide/Sound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Physics_Study_Guide/Sound
• Wiktionary. "kelvin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kelvin
• Wiktionary. "elasticity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elasticity
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0
• Wikipedia. "Shear modulus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_modulus
• Wikipedia. "Mach number." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
• Wikipedia. "Speed of sound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound
Sound
• Wiktionary. "transverse wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transverse_wave

• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/destructive-interference
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/constructive-interference
• OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams (Free High School Science Texts Project), Mark Horner, and Heather Williams, Transverse
Waves - Grade 10. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m32635/latest/
• Wikipedia. "Standing waves." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_waves
• Wikipedia. "Vibrating string." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrating_string
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/hertz--2
• Wikipedia. "Vacuum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum
• Wikipedia. "media." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/media
• Wiktionary. "classical physics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/classical_physics
Sound
• Wikipedia. "Doppler effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
• Wiktionary. "antinode." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antinode
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/node
• OpenStax CNX. "Rory Adams (Free High School Science Texts Project), Mark Horner, and Heather Williams, Transverse
Waves - Grade 10. September 18, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m32635/latest/

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Sound Intensity and Level

Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

Interactions with Sound Waves

Sound Intensity and Level

Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

Interactions with Sound Waves

• node Point on a wave where there is no displacement.

Standing Waves in a String

Standing Wave on a String

Fixed End Reflection

Standing Wave in Air Column

Sonic Boom Gif

Breaking the Sound Barrier

Faster than the Speed of Sound

The Doppler Effect

Superposition of Non-Identical Waves

An Air column in a tube closed at one end

The Human Ear

The Doppler Effect

Free End Reflection

Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge

Sound Intensity and Decibels

Sound and the Doppler Effect

The Fletcher Munson Chart

The First Four Harmonics

Anatomy of the Human Ear

Paddle Balls and Frequencies

The Doppler Effect

• Wiktionary. "wavefront." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wavefront

• Wikipedia. "Hertz." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz

• Wiktionary. "transverse wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transverse_wave

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