CORRECTION

PILLAR

CHRISTOPHER P. ARIZANO, RC
 LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

 Discuss the correctional process.
 Critique on different correctional ideologies and models
 Classify prisoners,
 Compare and contrast early and contemporary forms of punishment,
 Differentiate jail and prison,
 Make a timeline in the development of national prisons in the Philippines, and
 Appreciate the goals of sentencing
WHAT IS CORRECTION?
Corrections refers to the implementation and
execution of sentences imposed by the courts:
the system that administer those sentences. In
addition, Hess and Orthman (2012) stated that
correction refers to "the programs services,
agencies and institutions responsible for
supervising individuals charged with or
convicted inmates”
 INTRODUCTION

CORRECTION PILLAR
 is responsible for the incarceration and rehabilitation of the
convicted person to prepare for eventual reintegration in the
community
 serve as a place for detention for those prisoners undergoing
investigation, awaiting trial or final judgment, and a place
rehabilitation tor those prisoners who serving their sentences.
The Two Correctional Processes

Correctional process is a means by which the

government deals with offenders. This process
when given to the offender is often commensurate
with the offense committed. In the Philippines,
there are two correction processes.
 Institutional correction. This correctional process placed the offender in a
correctional institution such as jail or prison and other special institutions and
facilities if he is found to be a threat to the security and safety of the people.
This means that the rehabilitation of the criminal takes place inside prison or
jail.

Non-institutional correction. In this process, the offender is given correctional

programs of reformation activities usually community-based program), which
should be complied directly within the community where the offender resides
(e.g. probation). This means that the rehabilitation of rehabilitation of the
criminal takes place in the free community and not in jail or prison.
 Early Forms of Punishments (Schmalleger 2009: Madelo Jr. 2013)

1. Death penalty is done by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking

at the wheels. pillory and other forms of medieval executions.
2. Flogging is the whipping of a stick, rope, or leather to a person
who violates the law. The famous whip was the Russian knot
made out of leather thongs tipped with fishhook like wires. A
few strides with the knot produced serious lacerations and
often resulted in much blood loss. Another type of whip is the
cat-o-nine tails, which is made of nine strands of leather or
rope.
 DEATH PENALTY
Beheading hanging breaking at the wheels
 FLOGGING

Cat-o-nine tails
3. Mutilation is the cutting of some parts of t the offender's body
Schmalleger (2009) cited suffered broken fingers. He further added
that extensive mutilation which includes bIinding, cutting of the ears,
and ripping out the tongue, was instituted in eleventh century 1n
Britain and imposed upon hunters who poached on royal lands.
4. Branding was used as a lesser form of mutilation, the Romans,
Greeks, French, British and many other societies have all used
branding In 1829 the British parliament officially eliminated branding
as a punishment of a crime. Offenders who are branded have
identifying marks on the hand If violation was repeated, the marking is
placed at the forehead.
Mutilation Branding
5. Public humiliation gives an opportunity of the members of the
community to take its vengeance Offenders are sent to the stock or
pillory found themselves as captive and on public display. They will be
heckled and spit upon by passers-by.
6. Exile or banishment is practiced by the ancient Hebrew periodically
who forced a sacrificial goat symbolically carrying the tribe's sin into
the wilderness, a practice which has given us the modern word
"scapegoating'" Since then, many societies have banished "'sinners
directly. The French sent criminal offenders to devil's island. The
Russian's had used Siberia as the land where banished people are sent.
England sent their prisoners to America beginning in 1618, the British
program of exile, is known as transportation.
Public humiliation Exile or banishment
 Contemporary forms of punishment (Manwong 2008))
 
1. Imprisonment is done by putting the offender in prison for the
purposes of protecting the public against criminal activities and
at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by institutional
treatment programs.

2.Parole is a conditional release of a prisoner after serving part

of his/her sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-
introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and
supervision of a parole officer
3. Probation is a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction
of the offense, the penalty of which does not exceed six years of
imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by
the releasing court under the supervision of a probation officer

4. Fine is an amount given as a compensation fora criminal act,

5. Destierro Is a penalty of banishing a person from the place

where he committed a crime, prohibiting him to get near or enter
the 25-kilometer perimeter.
 
 Goals of Sentencing:
 
According to Hess and Orthmann {2012), the primary purposes of corrections are
retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.
 
1. Retribution is the act of taking revenge upon a criminal perpetrator.
2. Incapacitation is the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an
offender will be capable of committing future offenses.
3. Deterrence is a means, which seeks to prevent others from committing crimes or repeating
criminality.
4. Rehabilitation is the attempt to reform a criminal offender, the state in which a reformed
offender is said to be rehabilitate
5. Restoration is a goal which attempts to make the victim wholesome again (Madelo Ir.
2013)
 
 Theories Justifying Penalty (Reyes 2012, Madelo Jr. 2013)
 
• Prevention the state must punish the criminal to prevent or suppress the danger to the state
arising from the criminal acts of the offender.
 
• Self-defense- the state has a right to punish the criminal as a measure of self-defense so as
to protect society from the threat and wrong inflicted by the criminal.
 
• Reformation - the object of punishment in criminal cases is to correct and reform the
offender.
 
• Exemplarity or deterrence- the criminal is punished by the state as an act to deter others
from committing crimes.
 
• Justice - that crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice, a
vindication of absolute right and moral violated by the criminal.
 Three-fold Purpose of Penalty (Reyes 2012, Madelo Jr. 2013)
 
1. Retribution or Expiation- the penalty is commensurate with the gravity of
the offense as a matter of payment for the damage done.
 
2. Correction or Reformation - as shown by the rules which regulate the
execution of the penalties consisting in deprivation of liberty, thereby giving
chance for his reformation.
 
2. Social Defense - as shown by its inflexible severity to recidivist and
habitual delinquents. Society must provide the welfare of the people against
any disorder in the community.
 
 Different Juridical Conditions of Penalty (Reyes 2012)
 
1.Must be productive of suffering, without however affecting the
integrity of the human personality.
2.Must be commensurate with the offense -different crimes must be
punished with different penalties.
3. Must be personal - no one should be punished for the crime of
another
4. Must be legal - it is the consequence of a judgment according to rules
5. Must be certain-no one may escape its effects.
6.Must be equal for all.
7.Must be correctional.
What is Jail?
 
The term jail is derived from old English term, gaol (also
pronounced as jail) which originated in 1166 AD, through a
declaration by Henry II of England (Champ, 2005). In the
Philippines, it refers to a place for locking- up persons who
are convicted of minor offenses or felonies who are to serve a
short sentence imposed by a competent court, or for
confinement or persons who are awaiting trial or
investigation of their cases.
The Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology (BJMP) has direct control and
supervision over all municipal jails, city
jails, and district jails while provincial jails
are under the control and finance by the
its respective provincial government.
 Types of Jail (Guererro 2013, Garcia 2004)
 
Lock-Up jails are security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary
confinement of an individual held for investigation.
 
Ordinary Jails are commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to
serve sentence less than three years.
 
Workhouses, jail farms or camp. This is a facility that houses minimum custody
offenders who are serving short sentences or those who are undergoing
constructive work programs. It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial
services and constructive, leisure time activities.
 BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS

is an agency under the Department of

Justice that is charged with custody and
rehabilitation of national offenders, that is,
those sentenced to serve a term of
imprisonment of more than three (3)
years.
 (7) operating units located nationwide,

1.The New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City;

2.The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong
City;
3.Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan;
4.Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro;
5.San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City;
6.Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte; and
7.Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Panabo, Davao Province.
 jail VS Prison
Jails are under the control and supervision of the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP),
except provincial in jails which are under the
management of the provincial government while
prisons are managed and controlled by the Bureau of
Corrections (BuCor)
In addition, BJMP is the Department of Interior
and Local Government (DILG) while BuCor is under
the Department of Justice (DOJ). Moreover,
prisoners confined in prison are serving more than
three (3) years of imprisonment while prisoners in
jail are serving an imprisonment of three (3) years
and below.
Four Classes of Prisoners
1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term
of three years and one day to death;
2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six
months and one day to three years;
3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to
three years; and
4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one
day to six months.
Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;

2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment.
 THE OLD BILIBID PRISON

• Or new bilibid prison or manila city jail

• The Old Bilibid Prison was located at Oroquieta Street in Manila
• the main insular penitentiary designed to house the prison
population of the country This prison was known as the "Carcel y
Presidio Correccional" and could accommodate 1,127 prisoners The
Carcel was designed to house 600 prisoners segregated according to
class, sex and crime while the Presidio could accommodate 527
prisoners.
 THE SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY

• San Ramon Prison was established in Southern Zamboanga

• Established during the tenure of Governor General Ramon Blanco
• the facility was originally established for persons convicted of political crimes
• Also, this is a banishment site for political non-conformists coming from the
Luzon and the Visayas.
• It s considered as the oldest penal facility in the country today.
• Aside from coconuts, rice, corn, papaya and other crops were cultivated. Its
principal product copra which is one of the biggest sources of income.
 THE IWAHIG PENAL COLONY
during the Spanish regime that Puerto Princessa was designated as a place where offenders
sentenced to banishment were exiled.
originally served as a depository for prisoners who could not accommodated at the Bilibid
Prison in Manila.
the colony became a successful settlement. A merit system was devised for the prisoners
and vocational activities were offered. These included farming. fishing. forestry, carpentry
and hospital paramedical work. Prisoners could choose the vocational activities they wanted
one of the most open penal institutions in the world today and known as the “Prison
Without Walls”
homesteaders lots were distributed to released inmates who desired to live in the
settlement.
 THE DAVAO PENAL COLONY
• The Davao Penal Colony is the first penal settlement founded and organized under Filpino
administration
• Located at Panabo and Tagum, Davao del Norte,
• The colony has been engaged in joint venture with the Tagum Development Company
(TADECO) and has a land 3,000 hectare banana plantations (Madelo Jr. 2013: Vilaluz et al.
2013 Foronda 2007).
• the main source of income by the Bureau of Prisons from its vast production of abaca, rice
and other agricultural products. It is now the biggest abaca plantation in the country
• homesteaders
 THE LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON

• situated in Abuyog, Southern Leyte,

• While its plantilla and institutional plan were almost ideal, lack of funds made
the prison unable to realize its full potential and its facilities are often below
compared with those other established penal farms.
• The prison admits convicted offenders from Region VI and from the national
penitentiary in Muntinlupa. It has an inmate capacity of 500 (Manwong 2014;
Peckly & Eduardo 2010).
 CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN

CIW was born via the signing of Act No. 3579 on November
1929, which authorized the transfer of all-women inmates of
the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila to a new facility. Some 270
female inmates were transferred on February 1931 to a building
in Mandaluyong (then part of Rizal) that was initially called the
Women's Prison.
 SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM
• Nearer to Manila than other penal colonies, the Sablayan Penal Colony is located in
Occidental Mindoro and relatively new.  Established on September 26, 1954 by
virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 72, the penal colony has a total land area of
approximately 16,190 hectares.
• Prison records show that the first colonists and employees arrived in Sablayan on
January 15, 1955.  Since then several buildings have been constructed, including
the colonists�?dormitories, employees quarters, guardhouse, schoolhouse, chapel,
recreation hall, and post exchange.
• is a facility where prisoners from NBP are brought for decongestion purposes.  It
follows the same colony standards as other penal farms.
THE END