DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHS

DR. KUMUD MADAN

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
LLOYD INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY (PHARM.)
 Types of Graphs

 Bar graphs -To show numbers that are independent of each other.

Example data might include things like the number of people who
preferred each of Chinese takeaways, Indian takeaways and fish and
chips.
 Pie charts- To show you how a whole is divided into different parts.
You might, for example, want to show how a budget had been spent on
different items in a particular year.
 Line graphs - To show you how numbers have changed over time.
They are used when you have data that are connected, and to show
trends, for example, average night-time temperature in each month of
the year.
 Cartesian graphs have numbers on both axes, which therefore allow
you to show how changes in one thing affect another. These are widely
used in mathematics, and particularly in algebra
 BAR GRAPH
Bar graphs offer a simple way to
compare numeric values of any
kind, including inventories,
group sizes and financial
predictions.
Bar graphs can be either
horizontal or vertical. One axis
represents the categories, while
the other represents the value of
each category.
The height or length of each bar
relates directly to its value.
 Marketing companies often use
bar graphs to display ratings and
survey responses.
 Pie chart
A pie chart presents the different
parts of a whole.
It looks like a circle divided into
many pieces, much like a pie cut
into slices.
The pieces are different sizes based
on how much of the whole they
represent.
Each piece usually has a label to
represent its value compared to the
whole. Professionals can use pie
charts in business presentations to
demonstrate population segments,
market research responses and
budget allocations.
 PIE CHART

Data visualization experts

“The circle with sectors is not a desirable form of presentation,”
wrote the engineer and visualization researcher William Brinton
in his 1914 book Graphical Methods. 
Leading experts like Edward Tufte suggest they should almost
never be used. At Quartz, we so strongly discourage using pie
charts that our chart-building tool doesn’t even offer them as an
option.
????
The truth is that charts aren’t only about communicating data
effectively. They’re also about aesthetics and drawing in an
audience.
 SCATTER PLOT

Scatter plots use dots to depict the relationship

between two different variables. Someone might use
a scatter plot graph to show the relationship between
a person’s height and weight, for example. The
process involves plotting one variable along the
horizontal axis and the other variable along the
vertical axis. The resulting scatter plot demonstrates
how much one variable affects the other. If there is
no correlation, the dots appear in random places on
the graph. If there is a strong correlation, the dots are
close together and form a line through the graph.
 HISTOGRAM
Illustrates the distribution
of numeric data across
categories. People often use
histograms to illustrate
statistics. For example, a
histogram might display
how many people belong to
a certain age range within a
population. The height or
length of each bar in the
histogram shows how many
people are in each category.
 USES OF HISTOGRAM

The data are numerical

To see the shape of the data’s distribution, especially when
determining whether the output of a process is distributed
approximately normally
Analyzing whether a process can meet the customer’s requirements
Analyzing what the output from a supplier’s process looks like
Seeing whether a process change has occurred from one time period to
another
Determining whether the outputs of two or more processes are
different
To communicate the distribution of data quickly and easily to others
TYPICAL HISTOGRAM SHAPES
AND WHAT THEY MEAN
 Normal Distribution

 A common pattern is the bell-shaped

curve known as the "normal
distribution." In a normal or "typical"
distribution, points are as likely to
occur on one side of the average as on
the other. Note that other distributions
look similar to the normal distribution.
Statistical calculations must be used to
prove a normal distribution.
 It's important to note that "normal"
refers to the typical distribution for a
particular process. For example, many
processes have a natural limit on one
side and will produce skewed
distributions. This is normal—meaning
typical—for those processes, even if the
distribution isn’t considered "normal."
 Skewed Distribution

The skewed distribution is

asymmetrical because a natural limit
prevents outcomes on one side. The
distribution’s peak is off center
toward the limit and a tail stretches
away from it. For example, a
distribution of analyses of a very pure
product would be skewed, because the
product cannot be more than 100
percent pure. Other examples of
natural limits are holes that cannot be
smaller than the diameter of the drill
bit or call-handling times that cannot
be less than zero. These distributions
are called right- or left-skewed
according to the direction of the tail.
 PROBLEM

The following table shows the number of visitors to a

park for the months January to March.
Month- January February March
Number of visitors 150 300 250
a) Construct a vertical and a horizontal bar chart for the
table.
b) What is the percentage of increase of visitors to the
park in March compared to January?
c) What percentage of visitors came in February
compared with total number of visitors over the three
months?
 CUBIC GRAPH

A cubic graph is a graph in which all vertices

have degree three. In other words, a cubic graph is a
3-regular graph. Cubic graphs are also
called trivalent graphs.
 Double-Peaked or Bimodal
Distribution

The bimodal distribution looks like the back of a

two-humped camel. The outcomes of two processes
with different distributions are combined in one set
of data. For example, a distribution of production
data from a two-shift operation might be bimodal, if
each shift produces a different distribution of results.
Stratification often reveals this problem.
 Normal Distribution

 A common pattern is the bell-shaped

curve known as the "normal
distribution." In a normal or "typical"
distribution, points are as likely to
occur on one side of the average as on
the other. Note that other distributions
look similar to the normal distribution.
Statistical calculations must be used to
prove a normal distribution.
 It's important to note that "normal"
refers to the typical distribution for a
particular process. For example, many
processes have a natural limit on one
side and will produce skewed
distributions. This is normal—meaning
typical—for those processes, even if the
distribution isn’t considered "normal."
 Normal Distribution

 A common pattern is the bell-shaped

curve known as the "normal
distribution." In a normal or "typical"
distribution, points are as likely to
occur on one side of the average as on
the other. Note that other distributions
look similar to the normal distribution.
Statistical calculations must be used to
prove a normal distribution.
 It's important to note that "normal"
refers to the typical distribution for a
particular process. For example, many
processes have a natural limit on one
side and will produce skewed
distributions. This is normal—meaning
typical—for those processes, even if the
distribution isn’t considered "normal."
 Normal Distribution

 A common pattern is the bell-shaped

curve known as the "normal
distribution." In a normal or "typical"
distribution, points are as likely to
occur on one side of the average as on
the other. Note that other distributions
look similar to the normal distribution.
Statistical calculations must be used to
prove a normal distribution.
 It's important to note that "normal"
refers to the typical distribution for a
particular process. For example, many
processes have a natural limit on one
side and will produce skewed
distributions. This is normal—meaning
typical—for those processes, even if the
distribution isn’t considered "normal."
 Normal Distribution

 A common pattern is the bell-shaped

curve known as the "normal
distribution." In a normal or "typical"
distribution, points are as likely to
occur on one side of the average as on
the other. Note that other distributions
look similar to the normal distribution.
Statistical calculations must be used to
prove a normal distribution.
 It's important to note that "normal"
refers to the typical distribution for a
particular process. For example, many
processes have a natural limit on one
side and will produce skewed
distributions. This is normal—meaning
typical—for those processes, even if the
distribution isn’t considered "normal."
 AREA GRAPH

Area graphs show a change in one or more quantities

over a certain period of time. They often help when
displaying trends and patterns. Similar to a line
graph, area graphs use dots connected by a line.
However, an area graph involves coloring between
the line and the horizontal axis. You can use several
lines and colors between each one to show how
multiple quantities add up to a whole. For example, a
retailer might use this method to display the profits
of different stores over the same timeframe.