ALL INDIA

MUSLIM LEAGUE (AIML)

& Pakistan Movement

NOA
 Need for a Separate
Muslim Political
Party
• Congress (dominated by Hindus) failed to gain
confidence of Muslims / minorities

• Acid test of Sir Syed’s apprehensions - Congress

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announcement of “Sowdeshi Movement” –
against Partition of Bengal (1905)

• Fissures among the Indian society were deep

rooted – religion, tradition and culture, norms
and values, etc. – one platform was not possible
 Why AIML?
• Conflicting interests B/W Hindus and Muslims –
Congress couldn’t safeguard Muslim interests

• Sir Syed’s apprehensions / contentions proved by

the events and circumstances

NOA
• Sir Syed’s opposition to joint electorates (demand
for separate electorates) was the first seed to
culminate in the formation of AIML

• Indian Councils Act, 1892, system of electorate

proved futile for Muslims – no Muslim candidate
could obtain any seat up to 1906
 Why AIML? Congress Vs. Muslims
• Safeguarded Hindu interests – no consideration for
justifiable rights of Muslims / other communities

• Congress Opposed Partition of Bengal (1905)

• The partition by the British was on administrative

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grounds – not a Muslim demand intense reaction of
Congress / Hindus an eye opener for Muslims

• Congress announced “Sowdeshi Movement” –serious

Hindu – Muslim riots

• Therefore, a separate political organization for

Muslims was found necessary & formed
 AIML- Simla Deputation & Lord Minto
• Simla Deputation (1905) – Muslim leaders

• Lord Minto was positive – encouraged Muslims to concentrate their

energies on separate electorates

NOA
• Hindu historians argue that ML was created on official instigation to
break Congress dominance & weaken Indian freedom movement.
However, no evidence provided to substantiate the claim.
AIML--- Aims & Objectives – 1906-1913
• Protect political rights of Muslims in India

• Foster loyalty to the British and to remove misunderstandings with

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the government

• Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to above

goals

• Secure supremacy of Urdu language

AIML- Change of Creed
• System of self government under British Government

• Good relations with other communities to work for similar goals

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• Hindu-Muslim Unity leading to Lucknow Pact – Khilafat Movement
• Nehro Report vs. 14 points of Jinnah
• Allahabad address – Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal
• Congress Ministries – 1937
• Pakistan Resolution 1940- Struggle for Free & Independent State - 1947
Lucknow Pact 1916
• Hindu-Muslim Unity
• Tireless efforts of the Quaid-e-Azam to bridge the gaps b/w two communities
• First ever pact which testified to the fact that Muslim were willing to join hands
with other communities in India

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• Major Success for Indian Nationalists
•  Congress recognized the Muslim League as the political party representing the
Muslims of India
• Recognition of Muslims as separate nation ---- future implications
• The pact broke down after the end of Khilafat Movement
• Quaid-e-Azam emerged as “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” Sarojini Naido
Lucknow Pact 1916 – Salient Features
• There shall be self-government in India.
• Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government.
• There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded for joint
electorates.
• System of weightage should be adopted.

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• The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150.
• All members, except those nominated, were to be elected directly on the basis of adult franchise.
• No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of the
members of that community in the Legislative Council.
• Term of the Legislative Council should be five years.
• The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by the British Government and
not from Indian funds.
• The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary.
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924
• Pan-Islamic movement
• An effort to protect the Ottoman caliphate as a symbol of unity among the Muslim
community in India during the British raj
• The caliphate was endangered first by Italian attacks (1911) and the Balkan Wars (1912–

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13)
• The empire’s defeat in World War I (1914–18)
• Fears of the loss of the caliphate were intensified by the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920)
• Disintegration of the empire
• Detachment of all non-Turkish regions from the empire
• And also giving parts of the Turkish homeland to Greece and other non-Muslim powers.
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924
• The movement was launched by Moulana Shoukat Ali Johar, Moulana
Muhammad Ali Johar & Moulana Abul kalam Azad Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
Raees-ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo, Hasrat Mohani, and
Hakim Ajmal Khan

NOA
• Gandhi also joined the Movement --- Non-cooperation & non-violence
• India was declared Dar-ul-Harb, millions of Muslims migrated to Afghanistan
• Riots & violence in Malabar---- Gandhi’s separation from KM 1921-1922 (Arrest
of Gandhi) weakened the KM
• Rise of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – deposed the Caliph in 1922
• MKA abolished khilaphat in 1924 & laid down the foundation of modern &
Secular Turkey – End of KM
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924 – Demands
• Caliph Sultan must retain sufficient territories so that he is able to defend the Islamic Faith.
• The places which are called Jazirat-ul-arab, including the Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Palestine
must remain under Muslim suzerainty.
• October 17, 1919 was observed as Khilafat Day

NOA
• Again March 19 1920 was observed as Khilafat Day
• On November 23 1919, the All India Khilafat Conference was organized at New Delhi and
later a Khilafat Manifesto was published which called upon the British to protect the
Caliphate
• Non-Cooperation Movement
• Boycott of the Titles conferred by the Government
• Boycott of civil services, army and police and all other Government offices
• Non-payment of taxes to the government
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924 ---- Impacts
• The Movement was an attempt towards religious consciousness –

• The only movement during British India which had no direct concern with the affairs of
Muslims of India

• But it greatly influenced subsequent political strategy of Indian Muslims – in fact spearheaded
Pakistan movement
• Maulana Mohd Ali Jauhar (Comrade and Hamdard spread message – Muslim press -

NOA
connected to Pakistan Movement)

• Maulana Shaukat Ali Jauhar; Abul Kalam; Ulemas from Deoband joined the movement
• Hijrat – Migration from India – A poor political move
• Resulted in impoverishment of Indian Muslims – properties sold at throw away prices
• Muslim misery – Afghanistan denied the Indian Muslims to enter
• Plight of migrants
• Quaid & Iqbal distanced themselves ----- why
• AIML to stay way from the affairs of foreign countries & focus on Indian affairs
•
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924--- Lessons
• Unity of purpose
• Religious consciousness – Religious identity
• Religion became instrumental for future politics

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• Political strategy of Indian Muslims for future
• New type leadership for Muslims
• Popular politics - Involvement of masses in politics
• Agar usmanion pa koh e gham touta tou kyagham ha – kay khooon e
sad hazar anjum se hoti hay sahar paida
Nehru Report VS. 14 points of Jinnah - 1928

• Background
• A devise of Motilal Nehru

• A blue print of Hindu polarization against Muslims and their political

rights

NOA
• A death blow to the concord of Lucknow

• A Congress Constitution, demanding Dominion Status for India, came in

August 1928
Nehru Report VS. 14 points of Jinnah - 1928
• Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, criticized Indians – ‘not
being able to produce a unanimous report acceptable to all
communities’

NOA
• Reply: ‘All Parties Conference’ was convened – AIML joined but later
pulled out due to practical dominance of Hindu Mahasaba – an
extremist organization

• The committee comprised of certain members of the minority

communities, who were not truly represented by their respective
communities
Nehru Report - Demands
• Dominion Status for India – Parliamentary form of government

• Rejected Federation on communal basis – in fact suggested ‘unitary

state’

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• Provincial autonomy but residuary powers at centre (provinces -
linguistically constituted)

• NWFP be given provincial status

• Sindh separated from Bombay subject to financial viability

Nehru Report - Demands
• “Separate electorates” abandoned – in favour of joint electorate

• Communal veto scrapped

NOA
• Universal adult suffrage proposed

• Only 1/4th seats for Muslims in Central Legislature

• Hindi to be official language of India

Nehru Report – Critique
• The report regarded Muslim problem as purely religious and cultural
(communal) matter – to be cured by full religious liberty and cultural
autonomy – ‘Declaration of Rights’

NOA
• Muslims knew where they stood in Congress scheme – In 1916 when
they needed AIML support they accepted ‘Separate Electorate’ - here
they scrapped it!
Nehru Report – Muslim Reaction
• Muslims were shocked – Members of Central and Provincial Councils found it
impossible to agree

• Agha Khan doubted if any serious minded person could imagine the Muslims

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accepting it

• The immediate result – the two groups of AIML (created in 1927) came closer to
oppose it

• On 12-03-1929 when the Report was debated in the Indian Legislative Assembly
all Muslim members including Jinnah rejected it
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
1. Separate electorates – with possibility of joint electorates at a later
stage

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2. 1/3rd Muslim representation at Centre

3. Communal veto demanded

4. Weightage – without changing majority into minority, especially in

Bengal & Punjab
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
5. Bi-national state with loose Federation of 5 Muslim and 6 Hindu
majority provinces

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6. Complete provincial autonomy - Residuary powers to provinces

7. Change in the Constitution – only with the consent of the

constituent states

8. Adult franchise
Fourteen Points of Jinnah

9. Separation of Sindh from Bombay

10. Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as in other

provinces

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11. Necessary territorial adjustments should not convert Muslim
majorities into minorities in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP
 Parting of Ways
• Jinnah’s fourteen points were repetition of what
Congress had accepted in Lucknow Pact

• Rejection of these Muslim demands in the Report

created / widened gulf between Hindus and Muslims
(Congress and ML)
AIML INC

NOA
• This was turning point in the history of India – the
two communities never united afterwards
• Conclusion
• This political development convinced the Muslims
that they could not trust Congress / Hindus

• Henceforth, co-existentialism replaced with

separatism – struggle for freedom
Allahabad Address – 1930 – Indian Poliitcs
• Complex social, cultural, political and linguistic issues remained in the
thought process of politicians, thinkers, statesmen since centuries

NOA
• In late 1920s – new socio-political consciousness of Muslims of India

• Iqbal was a poet philosopher and a political thinker – studied Indian

scene from different angles
Allahabad Address – 1930 – Indian Politics
• He was a critic of modern / territorial nationalism as understood in Europe

• India, unlike European countries, inhabited by several nations mainly Hindus

and Muslims

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• Duality of religion and polity / state (secularism) not applicable in Indian
society
• Islam plays significant role in Muslim lives
• They are not willing to submerge their ‘religious identity’

• Hence, to ensure internal harmony settlement of communal question is crucial

Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad Address - 1930
• A landmark in the history of
Muslim India
• He was dubbed as visionary and
an idealist but time proved that

NOA
his solution was genuine, possible
and practical – to the complex
social, political and religious
problems of India
• A road map for the future of
Muslims in India
Allahabad Address – 1930 – The Address
• 1930, Iqbal chaired a meeting of AIML in Allahabad
• Independent homeland for Muslims
• Islam has given a creed which had forged Indian Muslims into one nation
• Recognition of Muslim majority in a federal system with the same privileges as given to Hindus

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• India was not a county but a continent where many nations live - each with separate identity,
religion, culture, etc.

• Federalism can’t succeed without recognizing the national identity of Muslims

• Modern nationalism / unitary form of government simply unthinkable for Muslims

• Redistribution of India – Muslim India within India

• Propounded two nation theory logically
 Allahabad Address – 1930 – The Address

• Iqbal said that he would like ot see Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan
amalgamated into a single state, either within the British Empire or outside it.

NOA
• “The formation of a consolidated North-West India Muslim state appears to me
to be the final destiny of the Muslims”

• Bengal and Assam did not appear into his calculations – later on brought into
the scheme by Muslims
• Allahabad Address – 1930 – CRITICAL ANALYSIS

• Some critics claim that Iqbal never argued for an

independent state (Making of Pakistan by K. K. Aziz)
• The criticism can be repudiated by Iqbal’s letters to Jinnah

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(from May 1936 to Nov. 1937)
• On 28-03-1937, he wrote “it is necessary to redistribute
the country and provide one or more Muslim states with
absolute majorities. Don’t you think the time for such a
demand has already arrived?”
 Allahabad Address – 1930 – Significance
• Provided new opportunities to think in terms of a separate homeland for Muslims

• Jinnah gave most serious consideration to Iqbal’s scheme of partition

• Lord Lothian, the then Secretary of State for India appreciated and found it as the only formula to

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save India from communal tension and strife
• Iqbal was the one who gave possible solution to the troubles of India

• Lahore Resolution finally demanded a separate homeland which was initially thought
by Iqbal 

• Iqbal was indeed an architect and an ideologue of Pakistan – Jinnah gave reality to his
dream
Towards
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Pakistan
 The Congress Ministries 1937-1939 / The Rule of Congress 1937-1939
• Background
• The Govt. of India Act 1935 – The last major legislation of the British Govt. in India & under this Act
following were agreed: -
• India to be a federation of the provinces & Princely states
• Two houses of the parliament at central govt. level
• Diarchy was dropped at provincial level but introduced at central level
• 1919 - division of the executive branch of each provincial government into authoritarian and popularly responsible

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sections - executive councilors & ministers - reserved (justice, the police, land revenue, and irrigation)and transferred
subjects (local self-government, education, public health, public works, and agriculture, forests, and fisheries)
• At provincial level, provinces were given a larger degree of autonomy
• The number of provinces was to be 11
• NWFP was given the status of a fully-fledged province
• Two new provinces were created i.e. Sindh & Orissa
• The Governor General to be head of the Federation
• Although the Act claimed to empower Indian people but in reality it gave limited franchise to Indians
• The property qualification meant that only 25 % Indians were allowed to vote in the provincial elections
The Congress Ministries 1937-1939 / The Rule of Congress 1937-1939
• Both AIML & INC disapproved the GoI Act-1935
• Both parties, however, contested the election
• Quaid-i- Azam believed that both parties could work after the elections
but Nehru disagreed
• Nehru declared that there were only two parties i.e. INC and the British
Govt. Quaid-i- Azam disagreed

NOA
• Election results were a great disappointment for the Muslims
• Congress won absolute majority in 5 provinces & was the largest single
party in 4 other provinces
• In the Muslim majority provinces Muslim league couldn’t perform well
• Impact for Muslim League – reorganization- change in strategy
The Congress Ministries 1937-1939 / The Rule of Congress 1937-1939
• The Congress took up their seats & formed cabinets in 8 provinces
• Congress treated the Muslim League with disdain
• In areas where Muslim League was the largest single party, the Congress
refused to cooperate
• In the Muslim majority provinces, Congress agreed to Muslim representatives
to form the govt. as long as they weren’t members of Muslim League.

NOA
• Most damaging for Muslims was the Congress belief that it represented the
whole of India and had the mandate to introduce measures / laws that
threatened Muslim culture & identity
• Bande Matram – nationalist Hindu song – Muslims to be expelled from
Hindustan – Singing of song was made compulsory in provincial Assemblies
• The Wardha Scheme – teaching to be in Hindi – spinning cotton & no religious
education – bowing down before picture of Gandhi –conversion to Hinduism
 The Rule of Congress 1937-1939 – The Congress
Tyranny
• The Congress aimed to erase Muslim culture
• Hindu extremist behaved in appalling ways
• Muslims were forbidden to eat beef and punished severely if they
slaughtered cows

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• Azaan was forbidden and attacks on mosques were carried
• Noisy processions at the time of prayers in front of mosques
• Even pushing pigs into mosques
• Anti-Muslim riots – houses & properties set on fire
• End of Congress Rule - The Day of Deliverance 22 Dec. 1939
 The Pakistan Resolution – 23rd March, 1940
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal
• Choudhry Rehmat Ali
• Muslim League’s reluctance to accept the Idea of a separate homeland

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• Congress Rule and the realization that the British would leave soon convinced
ML & Quaid-i- Azam to consider establishing a Muslim state
• Annual session of ML in Lahore 22-23 March, 1940, Maulvi Fazal-ul-haq
• ‘Regions in which Muslims are numerically a majority , as in the north-western
and eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute independent states
in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign’
 The Pakistan Resolution – 23rd March, 1940
• The Resolution was passed unanimously & became known as ‘Lahore Resolution’

• The Hindu press started calling it the ‘Pakistan Resolution’ & soon it was
adopted by the Muslims

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• Pakistan, the final destination for Muslims in India

• Struggle for the new homeland

• Muslim League became the political party for Muslims

• Quaid-i- Azam as leader of the Pakistan Movement

The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• In march, 1946, final effort to diffuse differences between two
communities i.e. Muslims & Hindus
• A three men delegation was sent to India to find a settlement
acceptable to all parties – Pethick-lawrence, Stafford Crips & A.V.
Alexander

NOA
• The Cabinet Mission met representatives of Muslim League, Congress,
Hindu Mahasaba, & Sikhs
• The Mission found that there was little common grounds b/w the
Muslims League & Congress
• Quaid-i- Azam demanded Pakistan comprising of six provinces
• The Congress was opposed to any partition of India & rejected Quaid-i-
Azam’s demand
 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• The Mission adopted a different approach
• Interim govt. to rule India whilst the British withdrawal was to be organized
• The interim govt. to form an all-India Commission to decide whether there
should be one or two states after the British had left
• Plan was rejected by both ML & Congress

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• In may, 1947, the Cabinet Mission announced its final plan
• It rejected the idea of Pakistan
• There would be three different parts to a post-British India
1) The Hindu majority territories
2) The western Muslim provinces
3) Bengal and Assam
• Each part to have local autonomy and being able to draw up its own constitution
• Foreign affairs, defence and communication to be managed by a central Indian Union
 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• Muslim League was prepared to nominate members to an interim cabinet to
oversee the process of independence as per Cabinet Mission Plan
• However, Nehru, observed that Congress would not feel bound by the plan once
the British had left
• Further discussion were to be meaningless as any agreement might just be
overturned after the British had gone

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• Cabinet Mission Plan was dropped
• Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence by Jaswant Singh 2009
• Jaswant Singh has observed that it was the arrogance of Nehru
that led to partition of India and to hold Muslim League and
Jinnah responsible for the partition of India is wrong
Did Quaid-i- Azam really quit the idea of Pakistan by accepting the
Cabinet Mission Plan?
 The 3rd June Plan 1947
• In February 1947, the British Govt. announced that the British would leave India
by June 1948
• Mountbatten was appointed as new Viceroy to work out a plan for the transfer of
power
• The British govt. deliberately set a short timespan for transfer of power to avoid

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further disagreement
• In March, 1947, there were riots & killings between Muslims & Hindus in the
Punjab
• The riots spread to other provinces as well
• Mountbatten realized the partition was inevitable
• On 3rd June, 1947 , the partition plan was announced
 The 3rd June Plan 1947
• Two states , Pakistan and India to be set up
• Govt. of India Act 1935, to be the interim constitution of both states
• Both states to have dominion status
• Muslim majority provinces to vote either to stay in India or join Pakistan
• Bengal and Punjab to make two decisions : first to join Pakistan & second

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whether the provinces should be portioned into Muslim & non-Muslim
areas
• Both decided to join Pakistan but their Muslim-minority areas should stay
in India
• NWFP also joined Pakistan after holding a referendum
• The Muslim –majority district of Sylhet joined the eastern wing of Pakistan
 The 3rd June Plan 1947
• The British govt. announced to bring the transfer of power forward from June
1948 to August, 1947
• This date was accepted by all parties as the date when British rule would end
leaving only 7 weeks to deal with problems of partition
• Drawing of boundaries b/w Muslims & non-Muslim areas, particularly in Bengal

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and Punjab
• Issues of princely states to be resolved: what if a prince went against the wishes
of his people?
• Division of assets – army, civil service, finance etc.
• India accepted Mountbatten as its first Governor General but Quaid-i- Azam was
to be the first Governor General of Pakistan and relationship with Britain needed
to be resolved
 The Radcliff Award
• Cyril Radcliff headed the commission to establish new borders in Bengal and Punjab
• He was assisted by four assistants : 2 nominated by Muslim League & 2 by Congress
• One important matter which couldn’t be resolved by 15 August 1947 was the
boundary between Muslim and non-Muslim areas
• The decision of the Boundary Commission aka Radcliff Award was announced on 16th

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August, 1947
• Calcutta in Bengal, was given to India even though it was surrounded by Muslim areas
• In Punjab, Ferozpur and Gurdaspur, Muslim majority areas were given to India
• By awarding Gudaspur to India , the new Indian state now had border with Kashmir
and future disputes between two countries were inevitable
• Quaid-i- Azam remarked that the award were ‘wrong, unjust and perverse’
NOA
 Ideology of Pakistan- Definition & Elucidation
• Set of aims and ideas that directs one goals, expectations and actions

• Ideas a nation strives to implement to unite itself

• Source – ideology grows out of dissatisfaction of majority of people in a given geography

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• Ideology of Pakistan – in the context of Subcontinent – to maintain Muslim identify –
threatened by the Hindu majority

• Islam & Hinduism not only two different religions but have also given birth to separate
cultures – cuisine, apparel, languages, rituals, literature, art, music, architecture

• Different political orders & different social orders – different world views
 Ideology of Pakistan- Evolution & elucidation
• “Pakistan was crested that day first Indian national entered the field of Islam” Quaid e Azam
• Arab Traders – Introduction of Islam in India
• Mass conversion to Islam in Malabar – I.H. Qureshi
• Muslim Rule in Sindh 712 – Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526- Mughal Period 1526 -1857
• Mujaddad Alf Sani (Sheik Ahmad Sirhindi) 1564-1624 - Revival of Islam – Muslim Identity – Hindu political
power – Protection of Islam- Wahdat ul Shahood - Hindu Muslim two separate people
• Hazrat Shah Waliullah – 1703-1761- Period of Decline – explanation of Muslim decline - Unity among

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Muslim – Redefining Islamic principles to answer new challenges – Muslim Identity & its protection
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1807-1898 – Ideologue of Two Nation Theory – Political Leadership in the time of
chaos & disorder – Rapprochement – diagnosis of Muslim decline, Redefining Muslim ethos – Education,
language – literature - politics, economy, society, religion – provided firm foundations on which Pakistan
was built
• Allama Iqbal – 1877- 1938- Redefined & rekindled Islamic spirit in Muslims in India – Ideologue of the
Modern India – conceived the idea of separate Muslim homeland – Political leadership- close
coordination with Quaid e Azam
• Quaid Azam 1876-1947 - Political leadership – Protection of Muslim political, economic, social and
religious interests- Spearheaded the constitutional struggle for a Muslim country – demand for Pakistan –
Creation of Pakistan 1947
 Allama Iqbal & Ideology of Pakistan
• Conceived the idea of separate Muslim homeland
• Separate political identity of Muslim in India
• Redefining concept of Muslim Umma – Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam – -
need for Ijtahad – new thinking in Islam
• ‫بخاک کاشغر‬
ِ ‫ نیل کے ساحل سے لے کر تا‬-‫ایک ہوں مسلم حرم کی پاسبانی کے لیئے‬
• Political , historical and religious grounds for a modern Muslim State – the very first of

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its kind – “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and
Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire,
or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-
West India” Allabad Address 1930
• Two Nation Theory – Islam as complete code of life
• Opposition to the concept of Modern Nation state based on language or culture
• Islam the raison d'etre for a Muslim State - Pakistan
 Quaid e Azam & ideology of Pakistan
• Change of heart – From Indian National Congress to Muslim League – form Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim
Unity to the Sole Spokesman for Pakistan
• India---------- is subcontinent of nationalities
• Nehru Report vs. 14 points
• Refusal of Nehru’s belief “ two parties in India INC and the British- there is a third Party – Muslim League
• End of Congress Rule – 1939- The majority community has shown that Hindustan is for Hindus

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• 1939- Quaid said, “Muslims and Hindus are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a role as a
nation”.
• 1940- “Muslim are not a minority, Muslim are a nation by every definition
• 1944- the only “politically realistic” way is to divide Hindustan in two sovereign states
• Pakistan as a modern democratic state – Muslim as distinctive nation- Islam as the binding force
• “Few individuals significantly alter the course of History. Fewer still modify the map of
the world. Hardly any one can be credited with creating a nation state. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah did all three”. Jinnah of Pakistan by Stanley Wolpert
 Pakistan – A Country, A Civilization
• The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least to 5,000 years,
spread over much of what is presently Pakistan
• During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan
peoples
• The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks,
Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks
• Remained under Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526

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• The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries
• The British came to dominate the region in the 18th century
• The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East Wings)
• However, Hindus never accepted the partition- India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited
conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory
• A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India assisted an indigenous movement
reacting to the marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming
the separate nation of Bangladesh
 Pakistan
• Ethnic groups
• Punjabi 44.7%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saraiki
8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baloch 3.6%, other 6.3%
• Languages
• Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashto
(alternate name, Pashtu) 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%,
Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani
elite and most government ministries), and other 8%
• Age structure

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• 0-14 years: 36.01% (male 42,923,925/female 41,149,694)
• 15-24 years: 19.3% (male 23,119,205/female 21,952,976)
• 25-54 years: 34.7% (male 41,589,381/female 39,442,046)
• 55-64 years: 5.55% (male 6,526,656/female 6,423,993)
• 65 years and over: 4.44% (male 4,802,165/female 5,570,595)
• Population Growth Rate 2.07
• Urbanization 37.2% of total population
• Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
• Total population: 59.1%
• Male: 71.1%
• Female: 46.5% (2015)
‫تمت بالخیر‬
‫‪NOA‬‬
‫شکریہ‬