00000

CONSTRUCTION
37;8*+69-9-
EQUIPMENT AND
METHODS
CEng 5193
For 5th Yr. Reg. st’s

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CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION
General Introduction
Types of Construction Equipments
Selection of construction equipments
Properties of soil

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 Match the following Equipments with their picture
 Earth Work Equipments
------1. Dump truck
------2. Graders
------3. Loaders
------4. Draglines
------5. Scrapers
------6. Excavators
------7. Shovels
------8. Rollers
H
------9. Clamshells
------10. Dozers

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Types of construction equipment

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 Types of construction equipment
Classify
Classify Construction
Construction Equipments
Equipments
i.i. Based
Based On
On Work
Work Cycle
Cycle

A. Intermittent type B. Continuous flow type

i. bull dozer i. air compressors
ii. scraper ii. belt conveyors
iii. power Shovels C. Mixed type
i. motor graders
iv. concrete Mixers
v. drag lines

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 Types
INTERMITTENT TYPE
 These types of equipment have intermittent cycles of work.
 Such machines operated on series of work cycles each of which is complete cycle
in itself.
 The rates at which work cycles are carried out determine the output of the
machine.

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 Types…
 CONTINUOUS FLOW TYPE
This type of equipment has a continuous flow of work turned out.

Compressor
Belt Conveyor

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 Types
 MIXED TYPE
These have the characteristics of both intermittent and continuous
types.
This class of equipment is often operated continuously over a
defined surface area.
But it requires operation turned down after completion of a
particular work and requires its re-position to be adjusted again so
as to resume production on another area.

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 Types
 Equipments can also be classified into:
Productive and
Support equipments.
 I. Productive equipments are those units that alone or in combination lead to
an end product which can be recognized as a unit for payment;
Include pavers, haulers, loaders, rollers etc.
 II. Support equipments are those equipments which are required for operations
related to the placement of construction such as movement of personnel and
materials, and activities that influence the placement of environment.
Include represented hoists, lighting sets, vibrators, scaffolds as typical
support equipments

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 Types
Another way of classifying construction equipments can also
be based on whether the construction is a heavy or light
construction works or services.
 I. Heavy: Road and Hydro Power works, Large Irrigation
schemes, Water Supply and Sewage plants and High Rise
buildings are often called equipment intensive.
 II. Light: Low rise buildings, water supply and sewerage
lines, electric and telecommunication lines and small
irrigation schemes are called labor intensive services.

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 types
 Classification of equipment according to standardization of the
machine
Standard Equipment
Special Equipment
I. Standard Equipment- Commercially manufactured equipment
with standard specifications, to be most commonly used on a
particular type of project
This type of equipment is designed to meet the wide demand of
the equipment users

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 Types
 Advantages of Standard Equipment
It is easily available.
Replacement parts are readily available from the
manufacturer.
It can be used economically on more than one project
It is easily used for variety of applications
the initial cost in respect of standard machines is much less
than that in a special equipment
It can be disposed off easily at an attractive resale price.

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 Types
II. Special Equipment
equipment which is manufactured for use on a single
project or for a special type of operation
initial investment in such equipment is comparatively
high
recommended that it may only be purchased when the
total cost with profit is recoverable during its use in the
project.

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 Types

based on the type of works involved

 Earth works equipments,
 Bulldozers, Shovels, Clamshells and Draglines, Loaders, Graders,
Scrappers, Rollers, Drills, Grouting pumps, Pile driving and Hammers.
 Hauling and Hoisting equipments and
 Tractors, Normal and Dump trucks, Hoists, Conveyors and Cranes.
 Pumping Equipments
 Pumps, Hoses, Pipes, and Compressors.

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 Types
Construction plant on the other hand include
 Aggregate production plants,
 Crushers, Screens, Conveyors, and Feeders.
 Asphalt mixing plant and
 Aggregate Batchers, Bitumen Emulsifier, and Mixers.
 Concrete Batching Plants and
 Feeders, Mixers, and Silos

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Selection of Equipment

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 Selection of Equipment
 The Following are the main points which should be considered in the
process of equipment selection.
1. Suitability for Job Conditions- must meet the requirement of the
work, climate and working conditions
2. Size of the Equipment- it must be able to be used with other matching
units/equipment
3. Standardization- better to have the same type and size of equipments
4. Availability of Equipment in the market.
5. Availability of Spare Parts
6. Multipurpose Equipments (Versatility).

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 Cont…
7. Availability of Know-how- satisfactorily handled by available operators
and mechanics
8. Use in Future projects
9. The Economical Aspects.-cost of unit production must be minimum
10. Reliability of the Equipment- must be reliable
11. Service Support- service must be available in area of project
12. Operating Requirements- easy to operate
13. Past performance- desirable to enquire about past performance
14. Warranty or guarantee offered by the manufacturer.
15. Versatility of the equipment should be given due priority- can
perform many jobs
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Choice of Excavation Equipment for Building
Site Excavation depends on:
» Size of the job: - Bucket Size and Number of Excavators
» Activity time constraints: - Number of equipment
» Availability of equipment:
» Cost of transportation of equipment:
» Type of excavation:
» Soil characteristics:
» Geometric characteristics of elements of the soil to be excavated:
» Space constraints:
» Characteristics of haul units:
» Location of dumping areas:
» Weather and temperature:

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 Material properties
 Excavation Types
i. Common Excavation: refers to ordinary earth excavation.
ii. Rock Excavation : Removed by drilling and blasting or by some
other methods.
iii. Muck Excavation : It is usually a soft organic material having a
high water content.
Iv. Unclassified Excavation

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 General Soil Characteristics

 General Soil Characteristics

 As earth moving equipments are mostly related to woks related to soil,
important aspects of soil shall be reviewed.
 From the characteristics of soils trafficability, loadability and volume change are
vital for earth works. Accordingly,
 Trafficability - is the ability of a soil to support the weight of vehicles under
repeated traffic.
 Loadability - is a measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading a soil.
 Soil Volume Change - property that is related with volumes of soil samples
on different stress or compaction levels.

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Soil Volume Change Characteristics

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Relationship
Relationship between
between the
the three
three states
states

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 Soil Volume Change Characteristics
Load and Shrinkage Factors:
In performing earthmoving calculations, it is important
to convert all material volumes’ to common unit of
measure.
Bank cubic meter is most commonly used
Pay load is the volume unit specified as the basis for
payment in an earth moving contract.
A factor used for conversion of bank volume to
compacted volume is sometimes
referred to as shrinkage factor and Loose volume is multiplied
by the load factor to obtain bank volume
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Cont…

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QUESTI
ON

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