PHYSICAL PLANING

INTRODUCTION
 Sir Ebenezer howard OBE was an english urban
planner and founder of the city movement.
 Born : 29 january 1850, london, United Kingdom.
He Howard was born as the son of a shopkeeper
in the City of London.
 Died : 1 may 1928, welwyn garden city, United
Kingdom.
 Known for : Founder of the garden city in
England.
 Relatives : Geoffery howard (garden son) una
stubbs (great grand daughter) christian henson
(great great grandson) .
 After schooling, he took on a number of clerical
posts.
 In 1871,at the age of 21, influenced partly be a
farming uncle, he emigrated to the frontier
country of America to become a farmer. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
 He subsequently spent four years living in
Chicago, witnessing it's rebuilding following the
great fire.
GARDEN CITY:
 Term means 'a city in a garden or city of
gardens.
 The Garden city movement is a method of
urban planning in which self contained
communities are surrounded by
“greenbelts”, containing proportionate areas
of residential, industry and agriculture .
 The idea was initiated in 1898 by Ebenezer
Howard in the United Kingdom and aims to
capture the primary benefits of a countryside
environment and a city environment while
avoiding the disadvantages presented by
both. Howard was knighted in 1927.
 "A garden city is a town designed for healthy
living and industry; of a size that makes
possible a full measure of social life; but not
larger surrounded by a rural belt; the whole
of the land being in public ownership or held
in in trust for community“.
 What influenced Sir Ebenezer Howard to make garden cities ?
• It is important to understand the context to which Howard’s work was a
reaction.
• London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in the throws of
industrialization, and the cities were exerting massive forces on the labour
markets of the time.
• Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities was taking place with
London.
• This situation was unsustainable and political commentators of all parties sought
“how best to provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger of modern
existence ”To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the
countryside.
• He disliked the way modern cities were being developed.
CURE OF THE PROBLEM:
In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he compared each
city to a magnet, with individuals represented as needles drawn to the city.
He set about comparing the town and country magnets
Instead he believed that "Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be
enjoyed together"-hence giving his solution the two magnets must be made one.
"Town and country must be united, and for the joyous union, will spring
a new life, a new civilization.
 The Three Magnets :
• He offered a vision of towns free of slums and
enjoying the benefits of both town (such as
opportunity, amusement and good wages) and
country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents).
• he believed that “Human society and the beauty of
nature are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence
giving his solution “the two magnets must be
made one.”
• "Town and country must be united.
 • He illustrated the idea with his famous Three
Magnets diagram (pictured), which addressed the
question 'Where will the people go?', the choices
being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'. In
three magnets diagram , people preferred the third
magnet and it was named as garden city.
• “A Garden City is a Town designed for healthy
living and industry. • Therefore, The garden city
movement is a method of urban planning in which
self-contained communities are surrounded by
"greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of
residences, industry, and agriculture. • The idea
was initiated in 1898 in the United Kingdom.
• The whole of the land being in public ownership or
held in trust for the community
THE THREE MAGNET
 . Conceptual Layout :
• Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern. •
Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that
radiated from the central park/garden.
• Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre,
Museum etc. ) are placed around the central garden.
• The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an
arcade for indoor shops and winter gardens.
• The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric
ringed tree lined avenues.
• Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km.
• A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the
center of concentric rings , houses the schools and
churches and acts as a continuous public park.
• All the industries, factories and warehouses were placed at
the peripheral ring of the city.
• The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to
the industrial ring , so that the pressure of excess
transport on the city streets are reduced and the city is
connected to the rest of the nation.
 GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE-LETCHWORTH, UK

• The first Garden City evolved out of Howard’s principles is

Letchworth Garden City designed by Raymond Unwin and
Barry Parker in 1903.
• 35 MILES FROM LONDON
• Letchworth, officially Letchworth Garden City, is a town in
Hertfordshire, England.
• Land of 3822 acres.
• Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres.
• Designed for a maximum of 35,000 population.
• In 30 years – developed with 15000 population & 150 shops,
industries.
It must be remembered that in 1903, the date when Letchworth
Garden City was founed, no town planning legislation existed
in Great Britain and there were no professional town planners.
• Unwin and parker planned the town in the centre of the
letchworth estate with howard’s large agricultural greenbelt
surrounding the town • The architects ignored howard’s
symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’
design
• Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able
to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and
more space
The plan of Letchworth was a combination of landscaping, informal street layout to
suit topography, and a main axis focusing on a town center.
• Sports fields, a train station, houses, and factories were all included.
• The commercial centre and the residential and industrial areas are carefully
separated.
• Industries include engineering, printing and publishing, and light manufactures
• It is an early example of urban planning considered alongside strategies of
community management and economic
 PLANING AND DESIGN OF LUTYENS DELHI
  OBJECTIVESTO BE ACHIEVED :
 UNIFIED OWNERSHIP OF LAND TO PREVENT INDIVIDUAL LAND.
 SPECULATION AND MAXIMISE THE COMMUNITY BENEFIT.
 CAREFULL PLANNING TO PROVIDE GENEROUS LIVING.
 WORKING SPACE WHILE MAINTAINING NATURAL QUALITIES.
 SOCIAL MIX AND GOOD FACILITIES FOR COMMUNITIES.
 LOCAL PARTICIIPATION AND DISCUSSION ABOUT DEVELOPMENT
AND UPLIFTMENT.
 COMPARINGCASE OF:- CHANDIGARH LUTYENS,DELHI
 :
POSITIVE HIGHLIGHTS :
• Each sector satisfies the necessities of
human needs.
• Separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and
heavy vehicles.
• Shops on ground floor, Residence on
upper floor.
• Shop protected from rain and sun, as a
covered walkway for the customers.
NEGATIVE HIGHLIGHTS :
• Roads being similar to each other creates
confusion.
• Brutal concrete gives a rough look.
1. Lord Hardinge told him of the dust storms
• City not planned for lower income people.
that sweep the landscape in these parts,
• Existence of slums around the city.
insisting on roundabouts, hedges and
trees to break their force, giving him the
plans of Rome, Paris and Washington to
study and apply to Delhi.
2. Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with
all the streets crossing at right angles,
much like in New York.
 PATTERN IN SETTELMENT:
INTENTIONS OF LAYOUT :
1. Lutyens’ Delhi was planned on the most
spacious garden city lines with the great
avenues decorated with classical buildings with
lush landscape.
2. The layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by
three major visual corridors, linking the
government complex with :
• Jama Masjid • Indraprastha • Safdarjungs Tomb.

 • Besides the major Pathway, there

were extremely wide avenues. The
original design of the road network
was capable of accommodating 6000
vehicles, however these avenues, had
the potential of increasing their
carriageway- the reason why the road
layout has survived till today. • In
general the road network consisted of
diagonals and radials, at 30 degree/
60 degree angles to the main axis,
forming triangles and hexagons.
 ZONING :

. Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city. 2. At the heart
of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top of
Raisina Hill. The Rajpath connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while
Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with
Connaught Place. 3. The Secretariat Building, which houses various
ministries of the Government of India including Prime Minister's Office are
beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and were designed by Herbert Baker. 4.
Also designed by Baker was the Parliament House, located on the Sansad
Marg, running parallel with the Rajpath
 DRAWBACKS :
 • In this whole process almost no attention
was paid to the problems of Old Delhi. Due
to the creation of New Delhi, Old Delhi
experienced a 28% surge in population from
1916-1926 resulting in the spilling over of
the population from inside the walled city to
the Paharganj area, whose restructuring was
later abandoned by Lutyens due to resource
constraints.
 • Also, no provision of housing was
premeditated for the large no. of skilled and
unskilled workers which immigrated in for
the construction work of New Delhi. • This
negligence of the planners towards Old
Delhi resulted in its transformation to a
large slum area through deterioration and
dilapidation.
THANK YOU

MOHAMMED SHOAIB AKHTER.

SG18BAR010.
B-arch , VIth SEM.
Foasuk.