Applied Science-
Chemistry
Chemistry Syllabus
Water Chemistry
Introduction, characteristic imparted by impurities in water, analysis of water – alkalinity,
Hardness and its determination (EDTA method only), equivalents of calcium carbonates,
Units of hardness, Disadvantages of hard water.
Water softening processes: Lime Soda method,Ion exchange method, zeolite method.
Boiler feed water: boiler problems- scale & sludge, priming and foaming, caustic
embitterment and corrosion, their causes and prevention.
Desalination of brackish water. Numerical problems on hardness, alkalinity, and EDTA
method.
Polymer and Composites
Introduction, definition, degree of polymerization (D p), concept of molecular weight
(number average, weight average & numerical based on them), glass transition
temperature.
Classification of polymers: polymerization mechanism: (step and chain polymers)
Polymerization Reaction: addition and condensation, thermal behavior: Thermoplastic and
thermosetting, types of monomers: linear, branched and cross-linked polymers, homo and
copolymers.Commercial Polymers: synthesis, properties and application, polyethylene
(PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), m phenol
Formaldehyde (PF), epoxy resin.Specialty polymers: basic concept applications of
conductive polymers, biodegradable polymers, recycling of polymers
Composites: Properties, Application & Classification, fiber & particle reinforced
composites.
Spectroscopic techniques and applications
Principles and applications of spectroscopy.
Electronic spectroscopy, Fluorescence, Vibrational and
rotational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules and its
applications.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance
imaging.
Surface characterization techniques, X-ray Diffraction and
scattering.
Environmental and green chemistry
Air, water and noise pollution.
Optimum levels of pollution. Significance and
determination of COD and BOD. Greenhouse effect and
global warming.
Applications of Green Chemistry and Green technology.
Concept of atomic and molecular economy and its use in
green chemistry.
Energy science and Nanomaterials
Calorific value and analysis of coal.
Petroleum refining, liquid fuels, anti-knock agents. Cracking of oils.
Limitations of fossil fuels.
Alternative and non-conventional sources of energy – solar, wind, geo, hydro-
power and biomass. Battery technology. Rechargeable batteries. Fuel cells.
Photovoltaics.
Introduction to nanomaterial, Synthesis top- down and bottom- up
approaches and applications.
Properties and application of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and nanowires.
Continuous Assessment
or Internal Evaluation
Lab /pratical Evaluation
Total = 30 marks
Total = 25 marks
Unit Tests Journal writing /Viva-voce
Assignments
MCQ Tests
Class Tests
External Evaluation
Total = 45 marks
UNIT – I WATER TREATMENT
Water is an essential resource for living
systems, industrial processes, agricultural
production and domestic use.
•It’s most important use as engineering
material is in the “steam generation”.
Natural sources of Water: surface water
Rain water
rain
Rain water River water
Lake water
Sea water
Natural sources of Water: Underground
Spring water
Tube well
Spring water bore well
Other methods
Fog collection
Rain Water
harvesting
Impurities present in water: 4 types
Suspended Impurities
Colloidal Impurities
Dissolved Impurities
Biological Impurities
Suspended Impurities
Particles size range : > 1000 Å , particles are visible by nacked
eye
These are dispersion of solid particle impurities which can be
removed by filtration and heavier impurities can be settled down
● Clay
● Mud
● Sand
● Vegetable and animal matter
● Oil globules
Colloidal Impurities
Particle size : 10 to 1000Å.
These are very finely dispersed solid particles in
water which are not visible to nacked eyes .
Impurities are electrically charged and cannot
be removed by conventional filters
Fine size silica, alumina , clay and inorganic
waste.
Makes water turbid
Ref as TDS (Total dissolved solids )
Dissolved Impurities
All natural water contains dissolved CO2. the solubility depends on temp, pressure
and dissolved mineral contents of water. Other gases like O2, SO2, NH3, H2S are
also present in water in dissolved form.
Amount of CO2 present in different water sources.
From Air: 0.5 to 2 ppm; Surface water : 0 to 5 ppm;
Ground water: 1 to 5o ppm; Well water: 50 to 300 ppm
Metal Salts soluble in water,Organic solids
like sugar,alcohols, carboxylic acids, urea,
Underground water contains cations like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ etc.
Biological Impurities
Pink algae in Italy’s alps
characteristic imparted by impurities
in water
Physical Impurities
A} Physical :-1. Colour
2. Turbidity
3. Taste
4. Odour
B} Chemical:- 1. Acidity
2. Gases
3. Mineral matter
4. organic & Inorganic chemicals
Colour
•Pure water has pale green blue tinge in large volume
•Colour in water is due to Salts of Fe, Mn, Acids like Humic acid, fulvic acid
Humus materials (the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of
leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms)
Tannins ( organic compound);Peat (partially decayed vegetation or organic
matter);Weeds ( Undesirable plants);Protozoa ( biological organism)
Industrial Effluents ( like Paper and pulp industry, textile industry)
● Algae, weeds, protozoa, industrial effluents
● Colloidally dispersed organic matter.
Colour change is harmful only when it is associate with toxic nature.It effect the
penetration power of sunlight in water bodies
Turbidity
•Turbidity is a measure of water clarity.
•Suspended solids often present in water are mud, clay,
algae, bacteria and minerals such as silica, calcium
carbonate and iron oxide.
•Suspended solids can be increased by the discharge of
wastes (domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural
effluents), leaching of wastes (from mines).
•Suspended solids in water can stop light reaching
submerged plants and can raise water temperature.
Taste and odour
•Odour is mainly due to presence of organic matter, H2S, industrial
effluents, decayed vegetation including algae, fungi, bacteria and weeds.
•Mainly odour is confine to surface water and very low or absent in deep
well water.
•The water used for industrial purpose such as beverages, food product,
paper, pulp and textile must be free of disagreeable odour.
Hardness of water
Soap consumption capacity of water is known
as hardness of water.
Generally caused by Ca and Mg ions present
in water.
