FLUID MACHINERY ASSIGNMENT
“INWARD AND OUTWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE
”
KAMNA KUMAR (2018UGME031)
Contribution-Slide (2-8)
AMAN RAJAK (2018UGME032)
Contribution-Slide (9-15)
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE ON THE BASIS OF
DIRECTION OF FLOW IN THE RUNNER
1.Tangential flow turbine
E.g. Pelton wheel turbine
2.Radial flow turbine
a)Inward radial flow turbine
E.g. Old Francis turbine, Gizzard radial flow turbine, Thomson turbine
b)Outward radial flow turbine
E.g. Fourneyron turbine
3.Axial flow turbine
E.g. Jonval turbine, Gizard axial flow turbine, Propeller turbine, Kaplan turbine etc.,
4.Mixed flow turbine
E.g. Modern Francis turbine
RADIAL FLOW TURBINE
The turbine in which Water enters the runner radially and exits the
runner radially is called radial flow turbine. It is a reaction turbine.
It is classified into types:-
a) Inward radial flow turbine
b) outward radial flow turbine
Development of radial flow turbines dates back to 1830’s by
Fourneyron, who developed the outward radial flow turbine
Later on Francis and Boyden developed the inward radial flow
turbine.
The inward radial flow turbine covers tremendous ranges of power,
rates of mass flow and rotational speeds.
These are are used in variety of applications ranging from
hydroelectric power plants to small gas turbines.
Inward Radial Flow Turbine
If the water enters the runner outwards to inwards, radially , the turbine is called
inward radial flow turbine
E.g. Old Francis turbine, Gizzard radial flow turbine, Thomson turbine.
The radial-inflow turbine has been used for many years. It first appeared as a
practical power-producing unit in the hydraulic turbine field. The Francis turbine is
the most common water turbine designed by James B. Francis in Lowell
Massachusetts. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial-
flow concepts. The inward-flow radial turbine covers tremendous ranges of power,
rates of mass flow, and rotational speeds from very large Francis turbines used in
hydroelectric power generation and developing hundreds of megawatts down to
tiny closed cycle gas turbines for space power generation of a few kilowatts.
Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a
head range of 10–650 m and are primarily used for electrical power production.
The power output ranges from 10 to 750 MW, with the exception of mini-river
hydros. A casement is needed to contain the water flow. The turbine is located
between the high-pressure water source and the low-pressure water exit, usually at
the base of a dam. The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water
tangentially to the turbine wheel, known as a runner. Figure shown in right is a
schematic representation of a Francis turbine with a parts list.
• There are two types of inward flow radial turbines
a) Cantilever turbine
b) 90o IFR turbine
a) Cantilever turbine
• Similar to the impulse type turbine
• Little change in relative velocity across the rotor
• Aerodynamically very similar to the axial impulse turbine
• Can be designed in a similar manner as axial turbines.
b) 90o IFR turbine
This turbine has a striking similarity with a centrifugal compressor.
The flow direction and blade motion are reversed.
The flow enters the turbine radially and exits the turbine axially.
Straight radial blades are generally preferred as curved blades would incur
additional stresses.
The rotor or impeller ends with an exducer.
Usually the flow exiting the rotor passes through a diffuser to recover KE,
which would otherwise be wasted.
This radial-flow acts on the runner's vanes, causing the runner to spin. The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to
allow efficient turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions. Runner diameters are between 1 and 10 m. The speed
range of the turbine is from 83 to 1,000 rpm. Medium- and large-sized Francis turbines are most often arranged with a vertical
shaft. The vertical shaft may also be used for small-size turbines, but normally they have a horizontal shaft.
Advantage of Inward Radial flow Turbine :
1. The difference in the operating head can be extra simply controlled in Francis turbine than in the Pelton wheel turbine.
2. The ratio of utmost and least operating head can even be two in the case of Francis Turbine.
3. The mechanical efficiency of the Pelton wheel decreases faster by wear than Francis turbine.
4. Francis turbine variation in operating head can be more simply controlled.
5. No head failure occurs still at the low discharge of water.
6. The size of the runner and generator is small.
7. Small changes in efficiency over time.
8. Operating head can be utilized even when the variation in tailwater level is relatively large when compared to the total head.
Disadvantage of Inward radial flow turbine Turbine :
1. The water which is not dirt-free can cause extremely rapid wear in high head Francis turbine.
2. As spiral casing is stranded, the runner is not simply available. Therefore dismantle is hard.
3. The repair and inspection is much harder reasonably.
4. Cavitation is an ever-present hazard.
5. Current losses are certain
6. Head 50 percent lower can be a harmful effect on the efficiency as well as cavitation danger becomes more serious.
Francis Turbine
The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine that was developed by James B. Francis. Francis turbines
are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m and are
primarily used for electrical power production. The electric generators which most often use this type of
turbine have a power output which generally ranges just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW
Parts Of Francis Turbine
Francis turbine consists mainly of the following parts
a) Spiral or scroll casing –
It is a closed passage whose cross-sectional area gradually decreases along the flow direction. The area is
maximum at the inlet and nearly zero at the outlet.
b) Guide mechanism –
Guides vanes direct the water onto the runner at an angle appropriate to the design. The driving force on
the runner is both due to impulse and reaction effects. The number if a runner blade usually .
c) Runner and turbine main Shaft :
d) Draft tube:
It is a gradually expanding tube which discharges the water passing through the runner to the tailrace.
e) Penstock:
It is the large pipe which conveys water from the upstream of the reservoir to the turbine runner.
arise between 16 and 24.
Guide Mechanism :
It consists of a stationary circular wheel all around the runner of the turbine. The stationary
guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the
vanes fixed on the runner without shock at the inlet.
The guide vanes( also called as wicket gates) are fixed between two rings. This arrangement is
in the form of a wheel and called a guide wheel. Each vane can be rotated about its pivot
center.
The opening between the vanes can be increased or decreased by adjusting the guide wheel.
The guide wheel is adjusted by the regulating shaft which is operated by a governor.
The guide blades rest on pivoted on a ring and can be rotated by the rotation of the ring,
whose movement is controlled by the governor. In this way the area of blade passage is
changed to vary the flow rate of water according to the load so that the speed can be
maintained constant. The variation of area between guide blades is illustrated in Figure
Runner and Turbine Main Shaft :
Runner is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surface of
the vanes are made very smooth. The radial curved vans are so shaped that the water enters
and leaves the runner without shocks.
Draft Tube :
The pressure at the exit of the runner of a reaction turbine is generally less than
atmospheric pressure. The water at the exit cannot be directly discharged to the tailrace.
A tube or pipe of the gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit
of the turbine to the tailrace. This tube of increasing area is called the draft tube .
Function of draft tube –
I) To decrease the pressure at the runner exit to a value less than atmospheric pressure and thereby
increase the effective working head.
ii) To recover a part of electric energy into pressure head the exit of the draft tube. This enables easy
discharge to the atmosphere
. Types of draft tube:
i. Conical draft tube
ii. Simple elbow draft tube
iii. Moody spreading draft tube
iv. Elbow draft tube with circular cross-section at
inlet and rectangular at outlet
The advantages of this design are
i) Smooth and even distribution of water around the runner.
ii) Loss of head due to the formation of eddies is avoided.
iii) The efficiency of the flow of water to the turbine is increased.
In big units stay vanes are provided which direct the water to the guide vanes. The
casing is also provided with inspection holes and a pressure gauge connection.
Working principles of Francis turbine
The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or
wicket gates. The opening between the vanes can be adjusted
to vary the quantity of water admitted to the turbine. This is
done to suit the load conditions.
The water enters the runner with a low velocity but with a
considerable pressure. As the water flows over the vanes the
pressure head is gradually converted into velocity head.
This kinetic energy is utilized in rotating the wheel Thus the
hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical energy.
The outgoing water enters the tailrace after passing through
the draft tube. The draft tube enlarges gradually and the
enlarged end is submerged deeply in the tailrace water.
Due to this arrangement a suction head is created at the exit of
the runner.
The selection of material for the casing depends upon the head of water to be supplied
For a head — up to 30 meters —concrete is used.
For a head — from 30 to 60 meters — welded rolled steel plates are used.
For a head of above 90 meters. — cast steel is used.
Outward Radial Flow Turbine
If the water enters the runner inwards to outwards, radially , the turbine is
called outward radial flow turbine.
E.g. Fourneyron turbine
This turbine consists of a cylindrical disc mounted on a shaft and provided
with vanes around the perimeter. At inlet water flows into the wheel at the
Centre and then glides through radially provided fixed guide vanes and then
flows over the moving vanes. See Fig. The function of the guide vanes is to
direct or guide the water into the moving vanes in the correct direction. The
water as it flows along the moving vanes will exert a thrust and hence a
torque on the wheel. The wheel will thus rotate The water leaves the
moving vanes at the outer edge. The wheel is enclosed by a water-tight
casing. The wheel may run either in a horizontal or in a vertical position. The
wheel may be provided submerged below the tail race level or may be
provided above the tail race level and placed in a suction or draught tube.
• The latter arrangement is preferred as in this position the wheel
is more easily accessible. Since this turbine is a reaction turbine,
the water is under pressure and consequently the wheel must
run full. As the wheel turns the body of water in the wheel is
subjected to centrifugal action and increases the relative velocity
of water in the outward direction. This results is increase in the
rate of flow thus increasing the energy supplied. Consequently
the speed of the wheel increases further. This will further
increase the centrifugal head and the result is the wheel tends to
race. This is a disadvantage in this type of turbine and controlling
the speed of the turbine is, therefore, difficult. Consider one of
the vanes AB, A being the inlet and B the outlet of the vane. The
inlet and outlet diagrams for the vane are shown in Fig. 20.2 (I).
Note the peripheral velocity v at the inlet point A is along the
tangent to the wheel at A. Similarly, the peripheral velocity v1 at
the outlet point B is along the tangent to the wheel at B. Hence
the vectors v and v1 are not necessarily in the same direction.
• But for the sake of convenience the inlet and outlet diagrams are
drawn as shown in Fig. 20.2 (ii). In this representation the vectors
v and v1 are shown in the same directions. In this representation
the outlet diagram as a whole appears shifted and, therefore, the
sides and the angles of the triangle are not affected.
Fourneyron turbine
The ancestor of the modern, radial flow, turbine was invented by two French
Engineers, Claude Burdin (1790-1873) a professor at the Ecole des Mines at
Saint Etienne and his student, Benoit Fourneyron (1802-1867). In 1833, the
Societe de Encouragement pour le Industrie National, offered a prize to any
person producing a large scale, commercial hydraulic turbine. Fourneyron
won the prize, for his turbine design. The turbine was licensed to others to
manufacture. In 1844, Uriah A, Boyden of Chicopee, Massachusetts modified
and patented improvements to the design. In 1849, he began to manufacture
his turbine at the Ames Manufacturing Company on the Chicopee River.
The earliest Boyden, Fourneyrons were installed in Lawrence, Lowell and
Holyoke, Massachusetts. These are the machines that James Emerson refers
to as the "Great White Elephants of the Lowell Corporation “
Note the runner consists of a large disc attached to the bottom of the turbine
shaft. The blades are attached to the edge of the disc similar to a vertical cross
flow runner. The rectangular bronze pieces are the blades. The vertical
control rods are attached to a cylinder gate that is located between the inside
of the runner and the pressure case. As the rods are raised, the cylinder is
lifted and the high pressure water is directed radially through the blades.
Fig. 4. The Fourneyron turbine, by 1835, the first industrial reaction turbine. In the Fourneyron
turbine concept, the distributor (B) is inside the rotor (C).
Outward radial flow runner at bottom (buckets
just visible). The four bar linkage actuates a
cylinder gate that is located between the bottom of
the pressure case and the inside of the runner. The
water sprays out radially and is directed into the
tailrace by a circular, brick wall.
Note the runner consists of a large disc attached to
the bottom of the turbine shaft. The blades are
attached to the edge of the disc similar to a vertical
cross flow runner. The rectangular bronze pieces
are the blades. The vertical control rods are
attached to a cylinder gate that is located between
the inside of the runner and the pressure case. As
the rods are raised, the cylinder is lifted and the
high pressure water is directed radially through
the blades.
