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1.1-Variables and Printing

This document discusses Java variables, methods, and printing. It covers declaring and assigning variables, primitive and object data types, naming conventions, expressions, and printing variables and expressions. Methods are introduced as collections of instructions that perform actions, and the main() method is used to call other methods like System.out.println() to display output.

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Maxwell Fairman
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15 views24 pages

1.1-Variables and Printing

This document discusses Java variables, methods, and printing. It covers declaring and assigning variables, primitive and object data types, naming conventions, expressions, and printing variables and expressions. Methods are introduced as collections of instructions that perform actions, and the main() method is used to call other methods like System.out.println() to display output.

Uploaded by

Maxwell Fairman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Variables and Printing

Storing and Retrieving


• The first requirement for any computer
language is that it can:
Store values and retrieve them
• The java language
– creates variables of specified types;
– assigns values to these variables (Store); and
– Uses the assigned value when a variable is
referenced (Retrieve)
Display one message
• Yesterday we saw that we can use the method
System.out.println()
to display a message on the screen.
• To do that, we
– Enclose the message in double quotes
– Place the message inside the parentheses
System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);
– Put this statement inside the main( ) method
Methods
• What are methods?
– A method in java is a collection of instructions that
perform some action
– Every method has a unique name, and this name
ends with parentheses ( )
• If a method needs information to perform its
action
– That information is provided as argument(s)
– The arguments are placed inside the ( )
Using Methods
• One method can invoke or call another one
– The called method is referred to by name in a
statement
– Any arguments are provided in the ( )
• In the Hello World program
– The main( ) method calls the method
System.out.println( )
– The argument is the String “Hello, World!”
Display several messages
• To print several messages on separate lines, use
several System.out.println( ) statements in a
row:
System.out.println(“Hello, World!”);
System.out.println(“It’s a sunny morning”);
• The action of the method System.out.println( )
is to
– Display its argument on the screen
– Go to the next line on the screen
Several messages on one line
• System.out.print( ) – its action
– Prints its argument on the screen, but
the cursor stays at the end of the message (because the ln is
missing!)
• If you use one or more System.out.print( ) statements in a
row, you should make the last one a System.out.println( )
• These statements
System.out.print(“Hello, World”);
System.out.println(“Nice day”);
print on the screen the message
Hello, WorldNice day
Printing Numbers
• To print a number
– Use the number (no double quotes) as an
argument
– System.out.println(5) displays 5 on the screen
• If you put double quotes around a number it is
treated as a String
Examples of Printing
• System.out.print(“Number of rolls: “);
– This prints its argument, “Number of rolls: “
• System.out.println(5);
– This prints its argument, the number 5
• Combine these two inside main( )
System.out.print(“Number of rolls: “);
System.out.println(5);
And the output is
Number of rolls: 5
Naming Conventions (1)
• Names of classes begin with a Capital Letter, e.g.
Main, Balloon, Person, Creep, Sloth, etc.
• Names of constants are written all in capitals, words
separated by underscores, _,
e.g. PI, DEFAULT_SIZE, A_CUTOFF, etc.
• All other names
– Begin with a lower-case letter
– Use camelCase to separate the words in the name
e.g. isActive, firstName, numRemaining, countWords
Naming Conventions (2)
• Generally it’s a good idea to choose names
that are descriptive and easy to understand
• Names of methods generally sound like verbs
– getFirstName(), calculateGPA(), pop(), etc.
• Names of variables and fields in a class
(“properties”) generally sound like nouns or
adjectives
– lastName, lastPosition, endOfString, etc.
Variables
• A variable is the name of a memory location
that holds* a value.
• Use a declaration statement to create a variable
by naming it and specifying the type of data it
holds:
<DataType> variableName;
• Use an assignment statement to specify the
value the variable holds:
variableName = value;
Picture of a Variable
• int a; // declaration
• a = 397; // assignment

Variable memory
a 397

its value
Primitive Data Types
• Java has 8 “primitive” data types. In this
course we will use these 4 primitive types:
– int holds integers between -2,147,483,648
(-231) and 2,147,483,647 (231-1)
– double holds numbers with decimals or too large
to be held as ints
– boolean holds the values true and false
– char holds characters on the keyboard and
some other characters as well
Object Data Types
• String is another very important data type
– String is not a primitive data type but in some ways
behaves like a primitive data type
• Object data types are associated to classes
• Once we define a class, like Balloon, that class is
the data type for objects belonging to it
– Class Balloon { /* . . . */ }
– Balloon bob;
– bob is an object with data type Balloon
Declaring Variables
• A String variable
– String message; // declaration
• An int variable
– int count; // declaration
• You can declare two variables of the same
data type together
– int date, year; // declaration
Assigning Values to Variables
• java uses the symbol = to assign a value (on the right side) to a
variable (on the left side)
• Warning: in java, the = sign is the assignment operator, not a test
that two items have the same value!
• Some examples of creating variables and assigning values to them
– int age; // declaration statement
age = 7; // assignment statement
– double radius = 2.5; // both statements combined
double area;
area = Math.PI * radius * radius;
– String message;
message = “Goodbye, Cruel World!“;
Initialization Statements
• Instead of defining a variable and then
assigning a value to it, you can combine these
into a single initialization statement
– String month = “August”;
• This replaces the two statements
String month;
month = “August”;
– int date = 27;
– int year = 2014;
Printing Variables
• The statement
System.out.println(variableName);
prints the value of variableName
• What does this code do?
String name = “Silly Dufus”;
System.out.println(name);
Concatenating Strings
• Given two variables
– String s1 = “Hello,”;
– String s2 = “World!”;
Use the + sign to concatenate them together:
– s1 + s2 has value “Hello,World!”
• Both of these statements:
System.out.println(s1 + s2);
System.out.println(“Hello,” + “World!”);
display “Hello,World!” on the screen
Expressions
• An expression is a combination of two or more
values and/or variables with operators
– Operators for numbers include +, -, * and /
– The String class has only the operator +
• + concatenates the Strings it joins
• “Pot” + “belly” gives the name of a sandwich shop
• The value of an expression is the result of the
operations, after all variables are replaced by
their values
Printing Expressions
• The statement
System.out.println(expression);
prints the value of the expression
• What does this code do?
String firstName = “Silly”, lastName = “Dufus”;
System.out.println(firstName + “ “ + lastName);
• Answer:
– it concatenates the values “Silly”, a single Space character,
and “Dufus”
– Then it prints the result, which is
Silly Dufus
Hint – Using a Constant
• If you need to use the same String
e.g " " for a single Space or
", " for comma Space
many times in a program, you can instead
create a String constant with that value
– static final String SPACE = " ";
– static final String COMMA = ", ";
• Then, "Hello" + COMMA + "World!“ evaluates
to just what you expect
static final
• static final is the keyword expression
that creates a constant*
• A static final constant must be
– created by an initialization statement
– defined at class level: in the body of the class, but
not inside the body of any method
• The name of any constant should be in
ALL_CAPITAL_LETTERS_SEPARATED_BY
underscores

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