This document provides an overview of the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the basic histological layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa) and then discusses the specific histological features of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. Key points covered include the epithelial cell types and glands present in different regions, as well as other distinguishing characteristics like folds, villi, and lymphoid tissues. References are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the basic histological layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa) and then discusses the specific histological features of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. Key points covered include the epithelial cell types and glands present in different regions, as well as other distinguishing characteristics like folds, villi, and lymphoid tissues. References are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the basic histological layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa) and then discusses the specific histological features of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. Key points covered include the epithelial cell types and glands present in different regions, as well as other distinguishing characteristics like folds, villi, and lymphoid tissues. References are provided at the end.
This document provides an overview of the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the basic histological layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa) and then discusses the specific histological features of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. Key points covered include the epithelial cell types and glands present in different regions, as well as other distinguishing characteristics like folds, villi, and lymphoid tissues. References are provided at the end.
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HISTOLOGY OF
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Dr. Dyah Marianingrum,Mkes,SpPA Contents
• Oesophagus • Stomach • Small Intestine • Large Intestine Histology of the Digestive System Basic Histological Layers: 1. Mucosa: a. Epithelium b. Lamina Propria c. Muscularis Mucosae 2. Submucosa: Submucosal plexus “Plexus of Meissner” 3. Muscularis: Myenteric plexus “Plexus of Auerbach 4. Serosa Histology of the Mucosa Organ Epithelium Mouth Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Pharynx Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Esophagus Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Stomach Simple Columnar Small Intestine Simple Columnar Large Intestine Simple Columnar Anus Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Histology of the Mucosa
Organ Folds of the epithelium
Esophagus none Stomach L: Rugae, S: gastric pits Small Intestine L: Plicae circulares, Villi S: Crypts of Lieberkuhn, microvilli Large Intestine L: Haustra S: Intestinal glands Histology of the Submucosa
Stomach 3, oblique, circular, and longitudinal Small Intestine 2, circular and longitudinal Large Intestine 2, circular and longitudinal Histology of the Serosa
Organ Serosa
Esophagus Adventitia due to the fact that the
esophagus is not in a cavity Stomach Visceral Peritoneum Small Intestine Visceral Peritoneum Large Intestine Visceral Peritoneum
connective tissue Oesophagus Oesophagus Stomach • Mucosa:simple columnar epithelium and presence of gastric pits. • Stomach is divided into three histological regions on the basis of nature of glands: Cardiac region Fundic region (fundus & body) Pyloric region Stomach (Cardiac Region) • Mucosa: simple columnar with oval nuclei, mucous secreting cardiac glands in lamina propria. • Submucosa: connective tissue. • Muscle layer: inner circular, outer longitudinal. • Serosa: simple squamous epithelium. Stomach (Fundic Region)
• Mucosa: simple columnar
with oval nuclei, presence of gastric glands in lamina propria. Stomach (Fundic Region)
Cells of fundic region:
• Mucous neck cells • Parietal (oxyntic) cells • Chief (peptic/zymogen) cells • Enteroendocrine cells • Undifferentiated cells Cells of fundic region Cells of fundic region Stomach (Fundic Region) • Submucosa: contains blood vessels, lymphatics and Meissner’s plexus. • Muscularis Externa: an inner oblique (absent in pylorus), middle circular and outer longitudinal layer. • Serosa: consist of surface layer of flattened mesothelial cells resting on a thin layer of loose connective tissue with blood vessels and lymphatics. Stomach (Pyloric Region) • Mucosa: pyloric glands in lamina propria & deeper gastric pits extending half the thickness of mucosa. • Muscularis Externa: inner circular (thickened to form pyloric sphincter) and outer longitudinal layer. • Submucosa & Serosa: same as in fundic part. Stomach (Pyloric Region) Pyloric Glands Gastro-Duodenal Junction Small Intestine It is divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. • Mucosa: characteristic features- Plicae circularis (valves of Kerkring) Villi & Microvilli Goblet cells (few) Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands) Glands are lined by columnar cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells & enteroendocrine cells Small Intestine Small Intestine
• Submucosa: contains blood vessels, lymphatics and Meissner’s plexus. • Muscularis externa: Outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of smooth muscle. • Serosa/Adventitia Duodenum Presence of Brunner’s glands in submucosa High power view of the Duodenal Mucosa Jejunum
• Villi are tongue shaped.
• Absence of Brunner’s glands. Ileum • Presence of lymphoid aggregations in lamina propria known as Peyer’s patches. • Villi are short & finger like. Large Intestine • It consists of: appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal. • Mucosa: Absence of Plicae circulares and villi Presence of Microvilli Presence of Crypts of Lieberkuhn Presence of Goblet cells in large number • Submucosa • Muscularis externa: Inner circular layer - thin compared to small intestine. Outer longitudinal layer- forms Taenia coli. • Adventitia: Appendices epiploicae (peritoneum forms pouch like processes filled with fat) Large Intestine Magnified view of a villus Large Intestine Vermiform Appendix • A small blind-ending diverticulum. • Large accumulations of lymphoid tissue in lamina propria which may extend into submucosa. • Intestinal villi are usually absent. • Crypts are poorly formed. • Muscularis externa is thin. • Absence of taenia coli. Vermiform Appendix Rectum
• Intestinal glands are
straight, like test tubes. • A continuous coat of longitudinal muscle is present. • Absence of taenia. • Absence of appendices epiploicae. Anal Canal • Epithelium: upper part-simple columnar, middle part-stratified squamous non-keratinized, lower part-covered by true skin. • Mucosa has characteristic longitudinal folds-Anal columns. • Small mucosal folds between the anal columns -Pectinate line. • Crypts disappear below this line. • Muscularis externa-circular muscle forms involuntary internal anal sphincter. Ano-rectal Junction References
1. diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with
functional Correlations, 12th Edition.
2. Textbook of Human Histology. Inderbir
Singh, 1st Edition.
3. Textbook of Histology. GP Pal, 3rd Edition.
MCQ Q1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus b.Stomach c. Appendix d.Rectum MCQ Q2. Deep gastric pits is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus b.Cardiac part of stomach c. Fundic part of stomach d.Pyloric part of stomach MCQ Q3. Plica circularis is a feature of:
a. Oesophagus b.Stomach c. Small intestine d.Large intestine MCQ Q4. Taenia coli is present in:
a. Oesophagus b.Stomach c. Small intestine d.Large intestine MCQ Q5. Abundant lymphoid tissue in lamina propria is a feature of:
