Chapter 7 : Storage
Chapter 7 Objectives
Differentiate
Differentiatebetween
betweenstorage
storagedevices
devicesand
andstorage
storagemedia
media
Describe
Describethe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofmagnetic
magneticdisks
disks
Describe
Describethe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofaa hard
harddisk
disk
Discuss
Discussvarious
varioustypes
typesof
ofminiature,
miniature,external,
external,and
andremovable
removablehard
harddisks
disks
Differentiate
Differentiateamong
amongCD-ROMs,
CD-ROMs,recordable
recordableCDs,
CDs,rewritable
rewritableCDs,
CDs,DVD-ROMs,
DVD-ROMs,
BD-ROMs,
BD-ROMs,HD HDDVD-ROMs,
DVD-ROMs,recordable
recordableDVDs,
DVDs,and
andrewritable
rewritableDVDs
DVDs
Describe
Describethe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofoptical
opticaldiscs
discs
Identify
Identifythe
theuses
usesof
oftape
tape
Discuss
DiscussPC
PCCards,
Cards,ExpressCard
ExpressCardmodules,
modules,and
andthe
thevarious
varioustypes
typesof
ofminiature
miniature
storage
storagemedia
media
Identify
Identifyuses
usesof
ofmicrofilm
microfilmand
andmicrofiche
microfiche
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Storage
• What is storage?
Holds data, instructions, and information for future
use
Storage medium is physical material used for storage
Also called secondary storage
p. 354 - 355 Fig. 7-1 Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Storage
• What is capacity?
Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can
hold
Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand
Megabyte (MB) 1 million
Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion
Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion
Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion
Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion
Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Storage
• How does volatility compare?
Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained
when power is off
Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions
temporarily
ON OFF
Screen Display Display Display
Volatile
appears disappears
Memory Data and Data and
(most RAM) instructions instructions erased
(chips on motherboard) available to user
Nonvolatile
Storage Medium Contents Contents
(floppy disks, Zip disks, available to user retained
hard disks, CDs)
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Storage
• What is a storage device?
Hardware that
Reading records and Writing
Reading Writing
Process
retrieves items
Processofoftransferring
transferring Process
Processof oftransferring
transferring
items
itemsfrom
fromstorage
storage to and from items
itemsfrom
frommemory
memory
media
mediato
tomemory
memory storage media to
tostorage
storagemedia
media
Functions as source Creates output
of input
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Storage
• What is access time?
Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage
medium
Time required to deliver item from memory to processor
faster Transfer rates Stores …
transfer
rates Primary Storage
Memory (most RAM) Items waiting to be interpreted
and executed by the processor
Secondary Storage
Hard Disk Operating system, application
software, user data and information
Flash Memory Cards Digital pictures or files
and USB Flash Drives to be transported
CDs and DVDs Software, backups, movies, music
Tape Backups
slower
transfer Floppy Disk Small files to be transported
rates
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
•What are tracks and sectors?
Track
is narrow
Sector
recording stores up
band to
that forms full 512 bytes
circle on disk of data
cluster
Formatting prepares disk for
use
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
hard disk mounted
• What is a hard disk? in system unit
High-capacity storage
Consists of several
inflexible, circular
platters that store
items electronically
Components enclosed
in airtight, sealed case
for protection
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What are characteristics of a hard disk?
Sample Hard Disk Characteristics
Advertised capacity 500 GB
Platters 4
Read/write heads 8
Cylinders 16,383
Bytes per second 512
Sectors per track 63
Sectors per drive 973,773,168 actual
disk
Revolutions per minute 7,200 capacity
Transfer rate 300 MB per
second
Access time 8.5 ms
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• How does a hard disk work?
Step 3.
When software requests a
disk access, read/write
heads determine current
Step 2. or new location of data.
Small motor spins
platters while
computer is running.
Step 4.
Head actuator positions
read/write head arms over
Step 1. correct location on platters
Circuit board controls to read or write data.
movement of head actuator
and a small motor.
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
platter
• What is a cylinder? track
sector
Vertical section of
track through all
platters
Single
movement of
read/write head read/write
arms accesses head
all platters
in cylinder
platter
sides
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT
cylinder
Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What is a head crash?
Occurs when read/write head touches platter surface
Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write head
above platter
Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of
an inch
A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive
unusable
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What is a disk cache?
Portion of
memory that
processor
uses to store
frequently
accessed
items
first request
for data—to disk cache
second request
for data—to hard disk
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What is RAID?
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Connects multiple smaller disks into a single
unit that acts as a single large hard disk
Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What is a miniature hard disk?
Provide greater storage capacities than flash
memory
Smaller than notebook computer hard disks
A pocket hard drive is a self-contained unit
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What are external hard disks and removable hard disks?
Used to back up or transfer files
Removable hard disk—hard
External hard disk—freestanding disk
hard disk that connects to system unit that you insert and remove
from hard disk drive
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What is a disk controller?
Special purpose Chip and
circuits that control SATA (Serial Advanced
transfer of items from disk Technology Attachment)
to /from system bus or controller uses serial signals to
other component transfer data, instructions, and
information
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive SCSI
Electronics) controller supports controller supports up to fifteen
four hard disks, provides devices including hard disks, CD
connections for CD and DVD and DVD drives, tape drives, printers,
drives scanners, network cards
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Magnetic Disks
• What is online storage?
Service on Web that provides What is a floppy disk?
storage for minimal monthly
fee Portable, inexpensive
storage medium (also
Files can be accessed from
called diskette)
any computer with Web
access Thin, circular, flexible
Large files can be film enclosed
downloaded instantaneously in 3.5” wide
plastic shell
Others can be
authorized to access
your data
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
Push the button to
• What are optical discs? slide out the tray.
Flat, round, portable
metal discs made of
metal, plastic, and
lacquer
Can be read only or Insert the disc,
read/write label side up.
Most PCs include an
optical disc drive
Push the same button
to close the tray.
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• How is data stored on an optical disc?
Typically stored in
single track
Track divided
into evenly
sized sectors
that store
items
single track
spirals to edge
of disc
disc sectors
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• How should you care for an optical disc?
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• What is a CD-ROM?
Compact disc read-only memory
Cannot erase or modify contents
Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB
Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex
software
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive?
Ranges from
48X to 75X 75X
or faster
75 150 KBps = 11,250 KBps
75X is 150 KBps
or 12.25 MBps
(KB per second)
48X:
48 150 KBps = 7,200 KBps
or 7.2 MBps
p. 369 Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• What is a Picture CD?
Film developers Can be
Stores digital
offer modified
versions of
Picture CD using photo
roll of film
service editing software
Step 1.
Drop off film to Step 3.
be developed.
At home, print images
Mark the
from Picture CD on
Picture CD box Step 2. your ink-jet photo printer.
on the film- When you pick up
processing prints and negatives, At a store, print images to
envelope. Picture CD at kiosk.
a Picture CD
contains digital
images of each
photograph.
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• What are CD-Rs and CD-RWs? Must have
CD recorder
or CD-R drive
CD-R (compact disc-recordable)
— disc you can write on once
c
Cannot erase
disc’s contents
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)
— erasable disc you can write on
ce
multiple times
Must have
CD-RW software
and CD-RW drive
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
•What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-
ROM or digital video disc-ROM)?
Must have DVD-ROM drive
or DVD player to read DVD-
ROM
Stores databases, music,
complex software, and
movies
Blu-ray discs have storage
capacity of up to 100 GB
HD-DVD discs have storage
capacity of up to 60 GB
UMD can store up to 1.8 GB
Nxt
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Optical Discs
• How does a DVD-ROM store data?
Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is
semitransparent so laser can read through
Some are double-sided
Many types of recordable and rewritable DVDs
are available
DVD-R and DVD+R
DVD-RW and DVD+RW
Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Tape
• What is tape?
Magnetically coated plastic ribbon
capable of storing large amounts
of data at low cost
Primarily used for backup
How is data stored on a tape?
Sequential access
Reads and writes data consecutively, like music
tape
Unlike direct access — used on hard disks, CDs,
and DVDs — which can locate particular item
immediately
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
PC Cards and ExpressCard
Modules
• What are PC Cards and ExpressCard Modules?
Adds capabilities to
computer
Credit-card-sized device commonly used in
notebook computers
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Miniature Mobile Storage Media
• What is miniature mobile storage media?
Storage for small mobile devices
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Miniature Mobile Storage Media
• What is a USB Flash Drive
Plugs in a USB port on a
computer or mobile device
Storage capacities up to 64
GB
May eventually make the
floppy disk obsolete
What is a smart card?
Stores data on
microprocessor embedded
in small card
Input, process, output, and
storage capabilities
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Microfilm and Microfiche
• What are microfilm and microfiche?
Store microscopic images of
documents on roll or sheet of
film
Images recorded using
computer output microfilm
recorder
Microfilm — 100- to Microfiche — small sheet
215-foot roll of film of film, usually 4” 6”
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
Microfilm and Microfiche
• How do life expectancies of various media compare?
Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage
media
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
