Intermediate

Accounting

Prepared by
Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
9-1
 Inventories: Additional
9 Valuation Issues

Intermediate Accounting
14th Edition

Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

9-2
 Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives

1. Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value rule.

2. Explain when companies value inventories at net realizable value.

3. Explain when companies use the relative sales value method to

value inventories.

4. Discuss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.

5. Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

6. Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory

method.

7. Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

9-3
 Inventories:
Inventories: Additional
Additional Valuation
Valuation Issues
Issues

Retail
Lower-of-Cost- Valuation Gross Profit Presentation
Inventory
or-Market Bases Method and Analysis
Method

Ceiling and Net realizable Gross profit Concepts Presentation

floor value percentage Conventional Analysis
How LCM Relative sales Evaluation of method
works value method Special items
Application of Purchase Evaluation of
LCM commitments method
“Market”
Use of an
allowance
Multiple
periods
Evaluation of
rule

9-4
 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

A company abandons the historical cost principle when

the future utility (revenue-producing ability) of the asset
drops below its original cost.
 Market = Replacement Cost
 Lower of Cost or Replacement Cost
 Loss should be recorded when loss occurs, not in the
period of sale.

9-5 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Illustration 9-1

9-6 LO 1
 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Ceiling and Floor

Why use Replacement Cost (RC) for Market?
 Decline in the RC usually = decline in selling price.
 RC allows a consistent rate of gross profit.
 If reduction in RC fails to indicate reduction in utility, then
two additional valuation limitations are used:
► Ceiling - net realizable value and
► Floor - net realizable value less a normal profit margin.

9-7 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Net realizable value (NRV) is the is the estimated selling

price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably
predictable costs of completion and disposal (often referred
to as net selling price).
Illustration 9-2

9-8 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Illustration 9-3

What is the rationale for the Ceiling = NRV

Ceiling and Floor limitations?
Not
>

Replacement
Cost Market Cost
Cost Market
Not
<

Floor =
GAAP
GAAP NRV less Normal
LCM
LCM Profit Margin

9-9 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Limitations

Ceiling – prevents overstatement of the value of obsolete,

damaged, or shopworn inventories.

Floor – deters understatement of inventory and

overstatement of the loss in the current period.

9-10 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

How LCM Works (Individual Items)

Illustration 9-5

9-11 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Methods of Applying LCM

Illustration 9-6

9-12 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Recording “Market” Instead of Cost

Ending inventory (cost) $ 82,000
Ending inventory (market) 70,000
Adjustment to LCM $ 12,000

Loss
Loss Loss due to decline in inventory 12,000
Method
Method Allowance to reduce inventory 12,000

COGS
COGS Cost of goods sold 12,000
Method
Method Inventory 12,000

9-13 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Balance Sheet Presentation

Loss COGS
Method Method
Current assets:
Cash $ 100,000 $ 100,000
Accounts receivable 350,000 350,000
Inventory 770,000 (758,000)
Less: inventory allowance (12,000)
Prepaids 20,000 20,000
Total current assets 1,175,000 1,175,000

9-14 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Income Statement Presentation
Loss COGS
Method Method
Sales $ 300,000 $ 300,000
Cost of goods sold 120,000 132,000
Gross profit 180,000 168,000
Operating expenses:
Selling 45,000 45,000
General and administrative 20,000 20,000
Total operating expenses 65,000 65,000
Other revenue and (expense):
Loss on inventory (12,000) -
Interest income 5,000 5,000
Total other (7,000) 5,000
Income from operations 108,000 108,000
Income tax expense 32,400 32,400
Net income $ 75,600 $ 75,600
9-15 LO 1
 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
P9-1: Remmers Company manufactures desks. The company attempts to
obtain a 20% gross margin on selling price. At December 31, 2012, the
following finished desks appear in the company’s inventory.

The 2012 catalog was in effect through November 2012, and the 2013
catalog is effective as of December 1, 2012.
Instructions: At what amount should each of the four desks appear in the
company’s December 31, 2012, inventory, assuming that the company has
adopted a lower-of-FIFO-cost-or-market approach for valuation of
inventories on an individual-item basis?
9-16 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.
 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Finished Desks A
Ceiling = 450
Inventory cost $ 470
(500
(500 –– 50)
50)
Est. cost to manufacture 460
Commissions and disposal costs 50 Not
Catalog selling price 500 >

Replacement
Cost = 460
Cost
Cost == 470
470 Market
Market == 450
450 Not
<

Floor = 350
(450-(500 x 20%))
LCM
LCM == 450
450

9-17 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Finished Desks B
Ceiling = 480
Inventory cost $ 450
(540
(540 –– 60)
60)
Est. cost to manufacture 430
Commissions and disposal costs 60 Not
Catalog selling price 540 >

Replacement
Cost = 430
Cost
Cost == 450
450 Market
Market == 430
430 Not
<

Floor = 372
(480-(540 x 20%))
LCM
LCM == 430
430

9-18 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Finished Desks C
Ceiling = 820
Inventory cost $ 830
(900
(900 –– 80)
80)
Est. cost to manufacture 610
Commissions and disposal costs 80 Not
Catalog selling price 900 >

Replacement
Cost = 610
Cost
Cost == 830
830 Market
Market == 640
640 Not
<

Floor = 640
(820-(900 x 20%))
LCM
LCM == 640
640

9-19 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Finished Desks D
Ceiling = 1,070
Inventory cost $ 960
(1,200 – 130)
Est. cost to manufacture 1,000
Commissions and disposal costs 130 Not
Catalog selling price 1,200 >

Replacement
Cost = 1,000
Cost
Cost == 960
960 Market
Market == 1,000
1,000 Not
<

Floor = 830
(1,070-(1,200 x 20%))
LCM
LCM == 960
960

9-20 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Use of an Allowance—Multiple Periods

In general, accountants leave the allowance account on the
books. They merely adjust the balance at the next year-end to
agree with the discrepancy between cost and the lower-of-
cost-or-market at that balance sheet date.
Illustration 9-10

9-21 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.

 Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Evaluation of LCM Rule

Some Deficiencies:
 Expense recorded when loss in utility occurs. Profit on sale
recognized at the point of sale.
 Inventory valued at cost in one year and at market in the
next year.
 Net income in year of loss is lower. Net income in
subsequent period may be higher than normal if expected
reductions in sales price do not materialize.
 LCM uses a “normal profit” in determining inventory values,
which is a subjective measure.
9-22 LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.
 Valuation
Valuation Bases
Bases

Valuation at Net Realizable Value

Permitted by GAAP under the following conditions:
(1) a controlled market with a quoted price applicable to
all quantities, and
(2) no significant costs of disposal (rare metals and
agricultural products)

or
(3) too difficult to obtain cost figures (meatpacking).

9-23 LO 2 Explain when companies value inventories at net realizable value.

 Valuation
Valuation Bases
Bases
Valuation Using Relative Sales Value
Used when buying varying units in a single lump-sum purchase.

E9-7: Larsen Realty Corporation purchased a tract of unimproved land for

$55,000. This land was improved and subdivided into building lots at an
additional cost of $30,000. These building lots were all of the same size
but owing to differences in location were offered for sale at different prices
as follows. Operating expenses allocated to this project total $18,200.

No. of Price Lots Unsold Instructions: Calculate the

Group Lots per Lot at Year-End net income realized on this
1 9 $ 3,000 5 operation to date.
2 15 4,000 7
3 19 2,000 2

LO 3 Explain when companies use the relative

9-24
sales value method to value inventories.
 Valuation
Valuation Bases
Bases

E9-7 (Relative Sales Value Method):

No. of
x Price =
Selling Relative
x Total
=
Cost Cost
Group Lots per Lot Price Sales Price Cost Allocated Per Lot
1 9 $ 3,000 $ 27,000 $27,000/125,000 $ 85,000 $ 18,360 $ 2,040
2 15 4,000 60,000 60,000/125,000 85,000 40,800 2,720
3 19 2,000 38,000 38,000/125,000 85,000 25,840 1,360
$ 125,000 $ 85,000

Lots Price Total Cost Total Cost Calculation of Net Income

x = Sales
Group Sold per Lot Per Lot of Goods Sales $ 78,000
1 4 $ 3,000 $ 12,000 $ 2,040 $ 8,160 Cost of good sold 53,040
2 8 4,000 32,000 2,720 21,760 Gross profit 24,960
3 17 2,000 34,000 1,360 23,120 Expenses 18,200
$ 78,000 $ 53,040 Net income $ 6,760

LO 3 Explain when companies use the relative

9-25
sales value method to value inventories.
 Valuation
Valuation Bases
Bases

Purchase Commitments—A Special Problem

► Generally seller retains title to the merchandise.

► Buyer recognizes no asset or liability.

► If material, the buyer should disclose contract details in

footnote.

► If the contract price is greater than the market price,

and the buyer expects that losses will occur when the
purchase is effected, the buyer should recognize a
liability and a corresponding loss in the period during
which such declines in market prices take place.

9-26 LO 4 Discuss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.

 Valuation
Valuation Bases
Bases
Illustration: St. Regis Paper Co. signed timber-cutting contracts
to be executed in 2013 at a price of $10,000,000. Assume
further that the market price of the timber cutting rights on
December 31, 2012, dropped to $7,000,000. St. Regis would
make the following entry on December 31, 2012.

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 3,000,000

Purchase Commitment Liability 3,000,000

Other income and expense in the Income statement.

Current liabilities on the statement of financial position.

9-27 LO 4 Discuss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.

 Valuation
Valuation Bases
Bases
Illustration: When St. Regis cuts the timber at a cost of $10
million, it would make the following entry.

Purchases (Inventory) 7,000,000

Purchase Commitment Liability 3,000,000
Cash 10,000,000

Assume the government permitted St. Regis to reduce its contract

price and therefore its commitment by $1,000,000.

Purchase Commitment Liability 1,000,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 1,000,000

9-28 LO 4 Discuss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.

 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method of
of Estimating
Estimating Inventory
Inventory

Substitute Measure to Approximate Inventory

Relies on Three Assumptions:

(1) Beginning inventory plus purchases equal total goods to

be accounted for.

(2) Goods not sold must be on hand.

(3) The sales, reduced to cost, deducted from the sum of

the opening inventory plus purchases, equal ending
inventory.

9-29 LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method

Illustration: Cetus Corp. has a beginning inventory of $60,000

and purchases of $200,000, both at cost. Sales at selling price
amount to $280,000. The gross profit on selling price is 30
percent. Cetus applies the gross margin method as follows.
Illustration 9-14

9-30 LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method

Computation of Gross Profit Percentage

Illustration 9-17

9-31 LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method
E9-12: Astaire Company uses the gross profit method to estimate
inventory for monthly reporting purposes. Presented below is
information for the month of May.

Inventory, May 1 $ 160,000

Purchases (gross) 640,000
Freight-in 30,000
Sales 1,000,000
Sales returns 70,000
Purchase discounts 12,000
Instructions:
(a) Compute the estimated inventory at May 31, assuming that the
gross profit is 25% of sales.
(b) Compute the estimated inventory at May 31, assuming that the
gross profit is 25% of cost.
9-32 LO 5
 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method
E9-12 (Solution):
(a) Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit is 25% of sales.

Inventory, May 1 (at cost) $ 160,000

Purchases (gross) (at cost) 640,000
Purchase discounts (12,000)
Freight-in 30,000
Goods available (at cost) 818,000
Sales (at selling price) $ 1,000,000
Sales returns (at selling price) (70,000)
Net sales (at selling price) 930,000
Less gross profit (25% of $930,000) 232,500
Sales (at cost) 697,500
Approximate inventory, May 31 (at cost) $ 120,500

9-33 LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method
E9-12 (Solution):
(b) Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit is 25% of cost.

Inventory, May 1 (at cost) $ 160,000

Purchases (gross) (at cost) 25% 640,000
= 20% of sales
Purchase discounts 100% + 25% (12,000)
Freight-in 30,000
Goods available (at cost) 818,000
Sales (at selling price) $ 1,000,000
Sales returns (at selling price) (70,000)
Net sales (at selling price) 930,000
Less gross profit (20% of $930,000) 186,000
Sales (at cost) 744,000
Approximate inventory, May 31 (at cost) $ 74,000

9-34 LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

 Gross
Gross Profit
Profit Method
Method

Evaluation of Gross Profit Method

Disadvantages:

(1) Provides an estimate of ending inventory.

(2) Uses past percentages in calculation.

(3) A blanket gross profit rate may not be representative.

(4) Normally unacceptable for financial reporting purposes.

GAAP requires a physical inventory as additional
verification.

9-35 LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.

 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method

A method used by retailers, to value inventory without a

physical count, by converting retail prices to cost.

Requires retailers to keep:

(1) Total cost and retail value of goods purchased.

(2) Total cost and retail value of the goods available for
sale.
Methods
(3) Sales for the period.  Conventional Method
 Cost Method
 LIFO
 Dollar-value LIFO
9-36 LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.
 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method
P9-8: Fuque Inc. uses the retail inventory method to estimate
ending inventory for its monthly financial statements. The
following data pertain to a single department for the month of
October 2013.
Instructions:
COST RETAIL
Beg. inventory, Oct. 1 $ 52,000 $ 78,000 Prepare a schedule
Purchases 272,000 423,000 computing estimate
Freight in 16,600
retail inventory using
Purchase returns 5,600 8,000
Additional markups 9,000 the following
Markup cancellations 2,000 methods:
Markdowns (net) 3,600
(1) Conventional
Normal spoilage 10,000
Sales 390,000 (2) Cost

9-37 LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.

 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method
P9-8 Solution - CONVENTIONAL Method:
Cost to
COST RETAIL Retail %
Beg. inventory $ 52,000 $ 78,000
Purchases 272,000 423,000
Freight in 16,600
Purchase returns (5,600) (8,000)
Markups, net 7,000
Current year additions 283,000 422,000
Goods available for sale 335,000 / 500,000 = 67.00%
Markdowns, net (3,600)
Normal spoilage (10,000)
Sales (390,000)
Ending inventory at retail $ 96,400

Ending inventory at Cost:

$ 96,400 x 67.00% = $ 64,588

9-38 LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.

 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method
P9-8 Solution - COST Method:
Cost to
COST RETAIL Retail %
Beg. inventory $ 52,000 $ 78,000
Purchases 272,000 423,000
Freight in 16,600
Purchase returns (5,600) (8,000)
Markdowns, net (3,600)
Markups, net 7,000
Current year additions 283,000 / 418,400 =
Goods available for sale 335,000 496,400 67.49%
Normal spoilage (10,000)
Sales (390,000)
Ending inventory at retail $ 96,400

Ending inventory at Cost:

$ 96,400 x 67.49% = $ 65,056

9-39 LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.

 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method

Special Items Relating to Retail Method

 Freight costs
 Purchase returns
 Purchase discounts and allowances
 Transfers-in
 Normal spoilage
 Abnormal shortages
 Employee discounts

9-40 LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.

 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method

Special
Items

Illustration 9-23

9-41 LO 6
 Retail
Retail Inventory
Inventory Method
Method

Evaluation of Retail Inventory Method

Widely used for the following reasons:

(1) To permit the computation of net income without a

physical count of inventory.
(2) Control measure in determining inventory shortages.
(3) Regulating quantities of merchandise on hand.
(4) Insurance information.

Some companies refine the retail method by computing inventory separately by

departments or class of merchandise with similar gross profits.

9-42 LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.

 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis

Presentation of Inventories
Accounting standards require disclosure of:
(1) Composition of the inventory, inventory financing
arrangements, and the inventory costing methods
employed.

(2) Consistent application of costing methods from one period

to another.

(3) Manufacturers should report the inventory composition

either in the balance sheet or in a separate schedule in the
notes.

9-43 LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis

Presentation of Inventories
Accounting standards require disclosure of:
(4) Significant or unusual financing arrangements relating to
inventories.

(5) Companies should present inventories pledged as collateral

for a loan in the current assets section rather than as an
offset to the liability.

(6) Basis on which it states inventory amounts (lower of-cost-

or-market) and the method used in determining cost (LIFO,
FIFO, average cost, etc.).

9-44 LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis

Presentation of Inventories
Illustration 9-24
Disclosure of Inventory
Methods

9-45 LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis
Illustration 9-25
Presentation of Inventories Disclosure of Trade
Practice in Valuing
Inventories

9-46 LO 7
 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis

Analysis of Inventories
Common ratios used in the management and evaluation of
inventory levels are inventory turnover and average days
to sell the inventory.

9-47 LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis

Inventory Turnover Ratio

Measures the number of times on average a company
sells the inventory during the period.

Illustration: In its 2009 annual report Kellogg Company reported

a beginning inventory of $897 million, an ending inventory of $910
million, and cost of goods sold of $7,184 million for the year.
Illustration 9-26

9-48 LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

 Presentation
Presentation and
and Analysis
Analysis

Average Days to Sell Inventory

Measure represents the average number of days’ sales
for which a company has inventory on hand.
Illustration 9-26

Average Days to Sell

365 days / 7.95 times = every 45.9 days

9-49 LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Primary reason to use LIFO

 Tax advantages.
 Results in a better matching of costs and revenues.
 The use of LIFO retail is made under two assumptions:

1. stable prices and

2. fluctuating prices.

9-50 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Stable Prices—LIFO Retail Method

A major assumption of the LIFO retail method is that the
markups and markdowns apply only to the goods purchased
during the current period and not to the beginning inventory.

Beginning inventory is excluded from the cost-to-retail

percentage.

9-51 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Illustration 9A-1
LIFO Retail Method—Stable Prices

9-52 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Illustration 9A-2
Ending Inventory at LIFO Cost, 2012—Stable Prices

Inventory is composed of two layers.

9-53 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Illustration 9A-3
Ending Inventory at LIFO Cost, 2013—Stable Prices

Assume that the ending inventory for 2013 at retail is $50,000.

Notice that the 2012 layer is reduced from $11,000 to $5,000.

9-54 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Fluctuating Prices—Dollar-Value LIFO Retail

If the price level does change, the company must eliminate

the price change so as to measure the real increase in

inventory, not the dollar increase.

9-55 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Illustration: Assume that the beginning inventory had a retail market

value of $10,000 and the ending inventory had a retail market value of
$15,000. Assume further that the price level has risen from 100 to 125.
It is inappropriate to suggest that a real increase in inventory of
$5,000 has occurred. Instead, the company must deflate the ending
inventory at retail.
Illustration 9A-4

9-56 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Illustration: Assume that the current 2010 price index is 112

(prior year 100) and that the inventory ($56,000) has remained
unchanged. Illustration 9A-5

Dollar-Value LIFO
Retail Method—
Fluctuating
Prices

9-57 LO 8
 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Illustration: From this information, we compute the inventory amount

at cost:
Illustration 9A-6

Hernandez must restate layers of a particular year to the prices in

effect in the year when the layer was added.

9-58 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Comparison of Effect of Price Assumptions

Illustration 9A-7

9-59 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Subsequent Adjustments under Dollar-Value

LIFO Retail
Illustration: Using the data from the previous example, assume that
the retail value of the 2013 ending inventory at current prices is
$64,800, the 2013 price index is 120 percent of base-year, and the
cost-to-retail percentage is 75 percent. Compute the ending inventory
at LIFO cost.
Illustration 9A-8

9-60 LO 8
 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Subsequent Adjustments under Dollar-Value

LIFO Retail
Illustration: Conversely assume that in 2011 the ending inventory in
base-year prices is $48,000. Compute the ending inventory at LIFO
cost.
Illustration 9A-9

9-61 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Changing from Conventional Retail to LIFO

Illustration: Hackman Clothing Store employs the conventional
retail method but wishes to change to the LIFO retail method
beginning in 2013. The amounts shown by the firm’s books are as
follows.

9-62 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Conventional Retail Inventory Method Illustration 9A-10

9-63 LO 8
 APPENDIX 9A LIFO RETAIL METHODS

Hakeman Clothing can then quickly approximate the ending inventory for
2012 under the LIFO retail method.
Illustration 9A-11

The difference of $500 ($11,250 - $10,750) between the LIFO retail

method and the conventional retail method is the amount by which the
company must adjust beginning inventory for 2013.

9-64 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods.

 RELEVANT FACTS
 Goods in transit, consigned goods, special sales agreements—as
well as the costs to include in inventory are essentially accounted for
the same under IFRS and GAAP.
 GAAP permits the use of LIFO for inventory valuation. IFRS prohibits
its use. FIFO and average cost are the only two acceptable cost flow
assumptions permitted under IFRS. Both sets of standards permit
specific identification where appropriate.
 In the lower-of-cost-or-market test for inventory valuation, IFRS
defines market as net realizable value. GAAP defines market as
replacement cost subject to the constraints of net realizable value
(the ceiling) and net realizable value less a normal markup (the
floor). IFRS does not use a ceiling or a floor to determine market.
9-65
 RELEVANT FACTS
 Under GAAP, if inventory is written down under the lower-of-cost-or-
market valuation, the new basis is now considered its cost. As a
result, the inventory may not be written back up to its original cost in
a subsequent period. Under IFRS, the write-down may be reversed
in a subsequent period up to the amount of the previous write-down.
Both the write-down and any subsequent reversal should be
reported on the income statement.
 IFRS requires both biological assets and agricultural produce at the
point of harvest to be reported to net realizable value. GAAP does
not require companies to account for all biological assets in the
same way. Furthermore, these assets generally are not reported at
net realizable value. Disclosure requirements also differ between the
two sets of standards.
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 IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTION
All of the following are key similarities between GAAP and IFRS with
respect to accounting for inventories except:
a. costs to include in inventories are similar.
b. LIFO cost flow assumption where appropriate is used by both
sets of standards.
c. fair value valuation of inventories is prohibited by both sets of
standards.
d. guidelines on ownership of goods are similar.

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 IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTION
All of the following are key differences between GAAP and IFRS with
respect to accounting for inventories except the:
a. definition of the lower-of-cost-or-market test for inventory
valuation differs between GAAP and IFRS.
b. average cost method is prohibited under IFRS.
c. inventory basis determination for write-downs differs between
GAAP and IFRS.
d. guidelines are more principles based under IFRS than they are
under GAAP.

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 Copyright
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