The International Maritime

Language Programme
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR s

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Table of contents
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Lectures and exercises
Unit One: Tenses.
1.1 - present simple
1.2 - present continuous (“-ing”)
1.3 - past simple
1.4 - past continuous (“-ing”)
1.5 - present perfect
1.6 - present perfect continuous (“-ing”)
1.7 - past perfect (pluperfect)

Unit Two: Auxiliary verbs.

2.1 - can / could/S to
e sbe
i a able
G a ltol a’
2.2 - must / should (have) / to have to
2.3 - may / might / to be allowed to
2.4 - shall / will / would
2.5 - to do (questions)
2.6 - to do (negations)

Unit Three: Passive voice.

3.1 - active voice and passive voice
3.2 - present and past tenses
3.3 - perfect

Unit Four: Sentence Building.

4.1 - verb(s) + object / place + time

Unit Five: Irregular verbs.

 Unit one: Tenses.

1.1 - present simple.

Examples:
I always play football.
We often work for them.
It rains here a lot.
He teaches English.

The present tense is used to indicate a generality -

something that happens all the time.
This may be indicated by using words such as “often”,
“never”, “usually”, “every day”, etc.

==============================

The present tense is formed by

1 - the stem of the verb (talk / work / rain / teach);
2 - the stem + s with third person singular
(he talks / she works / it rains );
3 - the stem + es (pronounced [IZ]) with third person
singular when the stem ends with “s”, “z” or “ch”
(presses / freezes / teaches).
-----------------------------------------------------
Note:
the following verbs have only one form:
can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should.
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.1 - present simple - fill in: stem or stem + s.

Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - We always ….….to
go France for our holidays. (to go)

overhauls
2 - The engineer……………..the bilge pump once a month.
(to overhaul)
visits
3 - She usually ………the theatre on sundays. (to visit)

teaches
4 - My father is a teacher at the Nautical institute; he……………

engineering. ( to teach)
play plays
5 - I ……. .soccer and my brother ………..hockey . (to play)
pay enter
6 - We always ..….....great attention to sailing yachts that...………
the fairway. (to pay / to enter)
approaches berths
7 - Any vessel that ……………... too fast or …………too close
to other vessels will receive a penalty. (to approach / berth)
fills in
departs
8 - The first mate ...…….....the cargo documents before
the vessel………… . (to fill in / to depart)
give
9 - They leads
usually ………. us permission to enter the channel
that ……...into the harbour basins. (to give / to lead)
ignites
causes
10 - This chemical agent is very dangerous, because it ……………..
spontaneously and …………severe pollution.
(to ignite / to cause)
 Unit one: Tenses.

1.2 - present continuous (“-ing”).

Examples:
I am doing it now.
He is talking about us.
We are working on it today.

The present continuous is used to indicate that the

action is happening now and is not finished yet.

=============================

The present continuous is formed by

am / are / is + stem + ing.
(“I am doing it now”)

------------------------------------------------
Note:
the following verbs do not have an “ing-form”:
can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.2 - present continuous - fill in: am / are / is + -ing.

Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

are going
1- We ………. .…..on holiday today. ` (to go)

is overhauling
2- The engineer…………………...the bilge pump now. (to overhaul)

am running
3- I must hurry, because I ………………….behind schedule with my
work. (to run)

are waiting start discharging the cargo, because

4- We ……….…..…to
is raining
it………………now. ( to wait / to rain)

are increasing speed, because we want to overtake the

5- We………………..….
is proceeding
vessel that ……………..…ahead of us. (to increase /to proceed)

is watching
6- The lookout..…..…….……the sailing yachts that
are entering
...………………the port. (to watch / to enter)

are staying my sister’s house;

7- My parents ………………at
is travelling
she………………..through Europe with some friends.
(to stay / to travel)
is filling in
8- The first mate ...……….…....the cargo documents, so
we ……………………in
are departing one hour. (to fill in / to depart)

are steering
9- You ……………. ….a collision course; instruction: you must
alter course to the North. (to steer)

10- The oil spill ……………….environmental

is causing pollution along
the coast where many tourists ………………….
are spending their holidays.
(to cause/ to spend)
 Unit one: Tenses.

1.3 - past simple.

Examples:
He talked about us.
We worked with him until last year.
I did it yesterday.
They saw him there.

The past simple indicates that there is no connection

between past and present - the action that started in the
past is no longer going on.
(“I saw him in town yesterday”);
(“I worked for him for 5 years;
-now I work for someone else”).

===============================

1) the past simple of a regular verb is formed by the

stem + -ed (talked / worked);

2) the past simple of an irregular verb can be looked up

in the list.
(For a complete list of the irregular verbs: )
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.3 - past simple - fill in: stem+ed or irregular verb (2nd row).
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - When we were young we usually……….to

went France for our
holidays. (to go)
overhauled
2 - Last week they ………………..the bilge pump. (to overhaul)

3 - Yesterday we …………the
visited theatre and……….a
saw play by
Shakespeare. (to visit / to see)

taugth
4 - Until 2 years ago my father…………Engineering at the
Nautical Institute. ( to teach)

5 - When we were young I ………..

played soccer and my brother ……….. played
hockey . (to play)
paid
6 - We always …...…great entered
attention to sailing yachts that...………..
the port. (to pay / to enter)

7 - The vessel ………….

collided with the embankment because she
approached
………... ……..the quay too fast. (to collide / to approach)
filled in
8 - The first mate ...……….. the cargo documents before
departed
the vessel…………… . (to fill in / to depart)
gave led
9 - They ……….. us permission to enter the channel that …….into
the harbour basins. (to give / to lead)
ignited caused
10 - The liquid ……….... spontaneously, which …………. an
polluted
oil spill that …………... the area.
(to ignite / to cause / to pollute)
 Unit one: Tenses.

1.4 - past continuous (“-ing”).

Examples:
I was doing it for you.
He was talking about us.
We were working very hard.

The past continuous is used to indicate that the action

was going on at that moment.

===============================

The past continuous is formed by

was / were + stem + ing
(“I was doing it for you”).

--------------------------------------------------
Note:
the following verbs do not have an “ing-form”:
can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should.
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.

1.4 - past continuous - fill in: was / were + -ing.

Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - We … ……just. .……
were .…when he entered.
leaving (to leave)

was overhauling
2 - The engineer……………………..the fuel pump when he
heard a strange noise. (to overhaul)
were making serious
3 - I had to warn you, because you ………………….a
mistake. (to make)

were waiting start loading the cargo, because

4 - We ………….…..…to
was raining
it……………….…very hard at that time. ( to wait / to rain)

5 - The vessel………………..….
was increasing speed, because she intended
were proceeding
to overtake the vessels that ……………….….....ahead of her.
( to increase / to proceed)
6 - When we approached the entrance the lookout
..…..…….…….…
was watching the sailing yachts that...……………….
were entering the
port. (to watch / to
enter) was staying
weremy
7 - Last year travelling
sister ………………at my parents’ house when
they………………...…..the world on a passenger ship.
was filling in (to stay / to travel)
8 - The Master ...……….….….....the cargo documents;
were going
we …………….…to depart as soon as he had finished.
(to was running
fill in / to go)
9 - The first mate was on duty when the vessel ……………. …..
aground. (to run)
was spreading
10 - Soon the oil spill …………………..rapidly
were spending along the coast
where many tourists ………………….. their holidays.
 Unit one: Tenses.
1.5 - present perfect.

Examples:
I have forgotten my money, so I can’t pay you.
He has worked here for 5 years now and he still likes it.
We have been here for days now.

The present perfect indicates that there is a connection

between past and present.
This connection may be a result or a continuation of
something that started in the past and is still going on
now.

==================================

The present perfect is formed by

have or has + past participle;
the past participle of a regular verb is formed by
stem + -ed (“worked”);
the past participle of an irregular verb can be looked up
in the list.
(For a complete list of the irregular verbs: )
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.
1.5 - present perfect - fill in: have / has + past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - I ……………..
have lived here for years now, and I still like it! (to live)

has
2 - She ..…...not….… felt well lately. Therefore she ….…not
has been
…
at the office for days now. (to feel / to be)
3 - He ……………this
has had job since December. (to have)

have been
4 - They ………………here for hours now - they’re still waiting!
( to be)
have lost
5 - Have you seen my keys? I ……………them. ( to lose)

6 - Since our departure the fuel consumption during the voyage

has increased . We have
…………….. …… not……… found. out yet what the cause is.
(to increase / to find)
7 - They ……have heard from him for weeks now. (to hear)
....not………...

has reduced the fuel-flow to the engine?

8 - Who ………………

have used
(to reduce)
9 - It seems that we ………….…..the wrong lubricant during our
home voyage. (to use)
have polluted
10 - Oil products …………………the environment for year now.
(to pollute)
 Unit one: Tenses.
1.6 - present perfect continuous (“-ing”).

Examples:
I have been doing this since last week.
He has been talking about it for hours now.
We have been working very hard all day.

The present perfect continuous is used to indicate how

long an activity has been going on - and is still going on.

================================

The present perfect continuous is formed by

have or has + been + ing
(“I have been doing this since last week”).
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.
1.6 - present perfect continuous -
fill in: have / has + been + -ing.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - I ……………….……....
have been working..on it for days;
it’s nearly finished now! (to work)
has been feeling
2 - She ..…....not….……………..well lately. (to feel )

have been discharging

3 - They ………………………..……the cargo ever since the
vessel berthed along the embankment yesterday.
(to discharge)
have been talking for hours now, and you still
4 - You ……………………....
haven’t convinced me! ( to talk)
have been searching
5 - Have you seen my keys? I ………………………..…
everywhere. ( to search)
has been rising
6 - The temperature ………………….….steadily ever since we
left. (to rise)

7 - Look at your clothes! What………

have you ……….…..…?!
been doing (to do)

has been complaining about it for days now.

8 - He ……………………………
(to complain)
have been using 9 - It seems that we
……………………..the wrong lubricant from
the day that we departed. (to use)
has been polluting
10 - This tanker ……………………...…the environment for days
now. (to pollute)
 Unit one: Tenses.
1.7 - past perfect (pluperfect).

Examples:
I had never done it before.
He had talked about it many times.
We hadn’t worked hard enough.

The past perfect is formed by

had + past participle.

================================

The past participle of a regular verb is formed by

stem + -ed (“worked / invited / watched / played”).
The past participle of an irregular verb can be looked up
in the list.
(For a complete list of the irregular verbs: )
 Unit one: Tenses - exercises.
1.7 - past perfect (pluperfect) - fill in: had + past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - I didn’t know him; I ………never

had ……….him.
met (to meet)

had lost
2 - She was ill for a long time; she..…....….…much weight.
(to lose )
3 - They made a lot of mistakes, because they …..…never
had ….
done
it before. (to do)

had altered
4 - The vessel ran aground, because the mate ………....……
course too late. (to alter)

5 - I lost my way, because I ………never

had ……....there
been before.
( to be)
had dropped
6 - It was bitterly cold; the temperature ………………..to
minus 12 degrees C. (to drop)
7 - They assured me that they……………… had taken care of everything.
(to take)
had accused
8 - After the investigation into the accident they ………………
the first mate of negligence. (to accuse)
had denied
9 He ……………….everything from the beginning; yet the
evidence against him was very strong. (to deny)
had polluted 10 - It was a
disaster! The tanker ………..……….the entire coast.
(to pollute)
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.
2.1 - can / could / to be able to.

Examples:
I can do it .
I couldn’t help him.
Can I come in, please?
You could be right!
There was a fire, but everybody was able to escape

“Can” , “could” and “to be able to” are used to

indicate a possibility or an ability.

“Can” is used to ask for permission in a polite way.

“Could” is used to indicate a strong possibility.

“To be able to” is used when there is a particular

situation.
=========================

Can and could only have one form;

to be able to = am / are / is / was / were + able to.

 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.
2.1 - Fill in: can(‘t) / could / am/are/is/was/were + able to.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - I have been ill for days, so I ………..

can’t come to your party.

were able convince him.

2 - At first he refused, but later we……………..to

could
3 - When he was young he was very strong. He ……….work for
day without stopping.

Can borrow your pen, please?

4 - ……..I

could be telling the truth.

5 - We’re not sure, but they ………

were
6 - It was bitterly cold, so we ………not able to start the engine
…….
without preheating it first.

7 - Usually they ……
can assist you with it, but not tomorrow.

is
8 - Unfortunately he ….not able
………to assist you right now.

Were able
9 - ……….. you ………to avoid the shoal when you entered the
strait?
Can
10 - …….. you please inform me whether there is a berth
available?
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.
2.2 - must / should (have) / to have to.
Examples:
I must do it. / I have to do it.
They have to get up very early every morning.
We had to help him with it yesterday.
He must not be late for school.
We don’t have to get up early tomorrow.
You should wear warmer clothes.
I think you should go home.
You should always be careful in traffic.

“Must” and “to have to” indicate a necessity;

“to have to” is stronger in meaning than “must”;
“to have to” may refer to rules;

“must” does not have a past tense;

the past tense of to have to (“had to”) is used as past
tense of must”.

“don’t have to / doesn’t have to” indicate that there is

no need to do something;

“should” is used in an advice to do something;

“should” is also used to indicate a personal opinion;
“should” is also used to indicate a moral obligation.
==============================
Must and should only have one form.
To have to: to have = have / has / had.
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.
2.2 - Fill in: must / should (have) / have to / has to / had to.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - I’ve lost my keys; I ……..…have

must dropped them on my way
home.

should always follow an instruction given by a

2 - You …………
VTS-station.

had to go to hospital, because he had been in an

3 - He ………..
accident.

have to go to work.
4 - Tomorrow is my day off, so I don’t ………….to

should wear a helmet when you enter the hold.

5 - I think you …………

has to
6 - He starts working at 7 a.m., so he …………get up very early.

7 - It was a big mistake! You ……….....not

should ………entered
have the
fairway without a lookout.

had to wait in the roadstead, because our berth was

8 - We …….….
not clear yet.

9 - It’s a secret! You ……….not

must tell anyone.

must
10 - He still has plenty of time. He ……….be there at 12,
so he……..……………..hurry.
doesn’t have to
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.
2.3 - may / might / to be allowed to

Examples:
You may not help him. / You are not allowed to help him.
We may help him / We are allowed to help him.
You may be right!
He might be able to help you.

“May” is used to indicate permission.

(“You may not help him with it”.)

“May” and “might” are used to indicate a possibility

(there is no difference between the two).
(“You may be right” / “You might be right!”)

“To be allowed to” is used to indicate permission.

It is a bit more formal than “may”.

=============================

May and might only have one form.

To be allowed to : am / are / is / was / were + allowed to.

 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.
2.3 - Fill in: may / might / am/are/is/was/were allowed to
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - Have you lost your keys? You ………find

may them in the drawer.

are allowed
2 - We …….not…………...to enter the port before our berth is
clear.

3 - He ..….…not
was ……….…
allowed to join because he was late.

might
4 - I don’t know where she is. She …...……have gone home.

were allowed to enter, but they had to wear helmets.

5 - They …………….…..

Is
6 - .….the allowed to anchor in her present position,
vessel ……….…
or must she proceed to the emergency anchorage?.

7 - The operator told us that we……………….…to

were allowed wait for
high tide.
may have to replace the second engineer if he’s not
8 - They ……...
well soon.

9 - It’s a secret! You …………..………..to

are not allowed tell anyone.
10 - He………..
might have been right when he said that
was allowed .
it……...not….……
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.
2.4 - shall / will / would.

Examples:
I will do it tomorrow.
Shall I do it for you?
We shall see.
Will they be here in time?
We will not (won’ t ) be able to be there in time.
Will you open the door for me, please.
I wouldn’ t have done this!
It would be nice to spend some time together.

“Will” is used to indicate future .

“Shall” is used to indicate future and may only be used

in the first person singular (“I”) and -plural (“we”).

“Shall” is used in a first-person question

(“Shall I give you a hand with it?”).

“Will” can also be used in a polite request.

(“Will you give me a hand with this, please”).

“Would” expresses an imaginary action or situation.

(“It would be nice!”)
=============================
Shall, will and would only have one form.
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.
2.4 - Fill in: shall / will / won’t / would.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - ……..…I
Shall help you find your keys?

won’t
2 - I……..…be will
able to help you tomorrow, because we …..…be
closed.

3 - The vessel …….…..have

would sailed out on time if the weather
hadn’t been that bad.

will have to store this type of cargo in refrigerated

4 - They …..….
holds.

Will
5 - ………they be able to discharge the vessel before noon?

Shall
6 - …….…we try to solve this problem for you?

7 - The operator has just told us that we…....…have

will to wait for
higher tide.

8 - ……….you
Will sign the Mate’s Receipt, please.

9 - I …….….
would not proceed through this channel at this speed,
if I were you.
won’t
10 - They …………be able to prevent a collision if they
continue to proceed at this dangerous speed.
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.
2.5 - to do (questions).

Examples:
Where do you go to?
Where does he work?
Did she go to work yesterday?
Where did you see him last?

Do / does / did are followed by the stem of the verb

( “go” / “work” / “see”)

“Do” is used in the present tense.

(“Where do you go to?”

“Does” is used in the present tense third person

singular (he / she / it )
(“Where does he work?”)

“Did” is used in the past tense

(“Where did you see him last?”).
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.
2.5 - to do (questions) - fill in: do / does / did.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - Where ………
did you go to? I went home.

did
2 - What …….they alert us for?
They alerted us for an approaching storm.

3 - Where ………
does the vessel berth when she is in port?
She berths along the embankment.

Do
4 - …….they appreciate our assistance? They appreciate it a lot.

5 - ……..they
Did demand anything from us? They demanded more
money.

did the vessel alter her course?

6 - Where ……..
She altered her course off the west extremity of the island.

does the VTS-station instruct us to do?

7 - What ……….
The station instructs us to anchor in our present position.

8 - When ……..
did they receive the Notice of Readiness?
They received it this morning.

Does
9 - ….…...the temperature increase or decrease when you open
this valve? The temperature increases.

10 - When………they
do overhaul the bilge-pumping arrangement?
They overhaul it every 6 months.
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs.
2.6 - to do (negations).

Examples:
I don’t understand why you are so upset.
He doesn’t work here anymore.
She didn’t go to work yesterday.
They didn’t like the way we behaved.

Do not / does not / did not

are followed by the stem of the verb
(“understand” / “work” / “go” / “like”)

“Do not / don’t” is used in the present tense

(“I do not understand why you are so upset”).

“Does not / doesn’t” is used in the present tense -

third person singular (he / she / it ).
(“He does not work here anymore”).

“Did not / didn’t” is used in the past tense

(“They did not like the way we behaved”).
 Unit two: Auxiliary verbs - exercises.
2.6 - to do (negotions) - fill in: don’t / doesn’t / didn’t.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - We waited and waited, but they ……...…deliver

didn’t the cargo
that day.

didn’t want to say anything

2 - I asked him about it, but he ………..
and left.

don’t expect any ingoing vessels anymore today.

3 - They ………..

doesn’t
4 - The pilot …………..want to embark, because we have made
lee on the wrong side of the vessel.

don’t resume pilotage today before 1200 hrs UTC.

5 - They ………

didn’t
6 - We met him again last year, but he …………remember us
anymore.

Didn’t
7 - ……...…he tell the truth? No, he lied!

don’t agree and we wish to make a complaint.

8 - We ………..

9 - The temperature …………

doesn’t increase, but decreases when you
close this valve.

10 - Don’t
……… they know what time the vessel will arrive?
 Unit three: passive voice.
3.1 - Active voice and passive voice.

Examples: active voice - passive voice:

I help him / He is helped by me.
They spent a lot of money / A lot of money was spent.
He has done everything. / Everything has been done by him
They hadn’ t done anything. / Nothing had been done.
He can do it. / It can be done by him.
He must do it / It must be done by him.
We have to do it. / It has to be done by us.
We are allowed to help him / He is allowed to be helped by us

In an “active voice” the subject performs the action:

“I help him”.

In a “passive voice” the subject does not perform any action,

but undergoes the action - something happens to the subject:
“He is helped by me”.
 Unit three: passive voice.
3.2 - passive voice: present- and past tense.

Examples:
I am warned by the the police.
Are you being assisted by anyone?
He is helped by me.
A lot of money was spent on it.
Were they invited to the party?

The present passive voice is formed by

am /are / is + past participle
(warned / assisted/ helped / spent / invited).
The past passive voice is formed by
was / were + past participle

To emphasize the action, am / are / is / was / were

is followed by “being”:
I am being helped right now.
Are you being served?
A lot of money was being spent.
 Unit three: the passive voice - exercises.
3.2 - passive voice: present tense and past tense.
fill in: am/are/is/was/were + (being +) past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - This type of cargo ……always

is ……………..by
delivered truck.
(to deliver)
was discharged
2 - The vessel ……………………in 1 day and left immediately for
her home voyage. (to discharge)

3 - I ……
am always …..……...by the second mate when the
stowage is being made up (to assist / to make up)
assistedplan ………….………….
were towed
4 - When they arrived they ………….……by two tugs. (to tow)

5 - At that moment we ……………………….…by

were being attacked pirates.
(to attack)
were
6 - All the paid ………...……before we left.
expenses
(to pay)
is being done
7 - Right now everything ………………….to solve the matter.
(to do)
were
8 - All instructed
vessels that sailed in the vicinity of the island
………………… to reduce speed. (to instruct)
were hit
9 - We altered course too late and ……..……on starboard side.
(to hit)
was being overhauled
10 - At that time the engine ……………………………
(to overhaul)
 Unit three: passive voice.
3.3 - passive voice : perfect tense.

Examples:
I have been taken home by my father.
Has he been warned about this?
They have been helped by me.
A lot of money had been spent on it.
Had they been invited to the party?

The present-perfect passive voice is formed by

have / has + been + past participle
(“I have been taken home by my father”);
(“Has he been warned about this?”).

The past-perfect passive voice is formed by

had + been + past participle
(“A lot of money had been spent on it”).
 Unit three: the passive voice - exercises.
3.3 - passive voice - perfect tense.
fill in: have / has / had + been + past participle.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - The cargo ………...

has been……………..to
delivered the wrong port, so we
cannot sail out in time. (to deliver)

had been discharged it appeared that

2 - After the vessel ………………………..…
the cargo …………………………badly.
had been damaged
(to discharge / to damage)
have been assisted
3 - I …………...…..……….by the second mate since I started to
work for this shipowner. (to assist)

4 - The distress message ………………………….

has been transmitted by the vessel
that has just collided with an iceberg. (to transmit)

had been attacked

5 - We didn’t know that we ………..………….…by pirates.
(to attack)
has this….….already
6 - He wants to know whether been done
…………..… (to do)
had been paid
7 - All the expenses …………..………and we were ready
to depart. (to pay)

8 - …..…the
Has vessel …………………yet
been warned that there is an
approaching storm on her course? (to warn)

have just ………….…that

9 - We ……... been told there are uncharted shoals
in that area. (to tell)

10 - The product ……………...……for

has been tested months now.
We still don’t know whether it works or not. (to test)
 Unit four: sentence building (order of words)
4.1 - verb(s) + object / place + time (in affirmative sentences).

Examples:
We loaded the vessel with our own derricks.
I haven’t seen him for quite some time now.
The vessel will arrive in Rotterdam this afternoon /
This afternoon the vessel will arrive in Rotterdam.
The vessel will be discharged in port today /
Today the vessel will be discharged in port.

Verbs (+ not) and object cluster together:

“……..loaded the vessel……….”;
“……...haven’t seen him……….“;
“……...will arrive……………….”.
“……...will be discharged…….”.

……………………………………………...

Place before time, or time at the beginning of the

sentence:
“………….. in Rotterdam this afternoon”;
“This afternoon ……….”;
“…………. in port today”.
“Today ………………”
 Unit four: sentence building - exercises.
4.1 - Put in the right order:
(time +) verb(s) + object / place + time
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - the cargo / delivered / to the wrong harbour / yesterday / they

They delivered the cargo to the wrong harbour yesterday.

2 - haven’t / since I started working / there / I / been

I haven’t been there since I started working.
3 - a fire drill / last week / held / aboard our vessel / was
Last week a fire drill was held aboard our vessel.
4 - able will / Rotterdam / to visit / next month / I / be
I will be able to visit Rotterdam next month.

5 - reading / garden / we / the / a / my / came / book / in / was /

father / when / in
My father was reading a book in the garden when we came in.
6 - delivered / 8 a.m. / will / the cargo / in Antwerp / have /
before / to be
The cargo will have to be delivered in Antwerp before 8 a.m.
7 - will / all the passengers / to come / to the upperdeck /
instructed / at 6 o’clock / be / at 4 o’clock
At 4 o’clock all the passengers will be instructed to come to
the upperdeck at 6 o’clock.
8 - new fire extinguishers / in the engine room / installed /
yesterday / we
Yesterday we installed new fire extinguishers in the
engine room.
 Unit five: irregular verbs.
FIRST ROW SECOND ROW THIRD ROW
to arise arose arisen
to awake awoke awoke(n)
to be (am/are/is)was/were been
to bear bore borne
to beat beat beaten
to become became become
to begin began begun Irregular
verbs
etc. etc. etc.

FIRST ROW: - present tense.

The present tense of an irregular verb is formed by:
-the stem of the verb
(I awake / They bear / We beat / You begin)
-or by the stem + (e)s in third person singular (he / she / it).
(He awakes / She bears / He beats / It begins)

SECOND ROW: - past tense.

The past tense of an irregular verb is found in the second
row.
The forms of verbs in this second row do not change.

THIRD ROW: - past participle.

The past participle of an irregular verb is in the third row.

The present perfect is formed by have or has+ past participle

(I have beaten him / They have become tired / It has begun).

The past perfect is formed by had + past participle

(They had beaten me. / She had become tired / It had begun).
 Unit five: irregular verbs - exercises.

5.1 - irregular verbs - fill in:

first row (stem or stem + s) or second row.
Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - Where do you go to in summer? I ………

go to France.

went to the theatre.

2 - Where did they go to? They ………..

goes to Recife - Brasil?

3 - Where does the vessel go to? She ………

began at 4 o’clock.
4 - What time did he begin? He …...……

felt very ill.

5 - How did she feel? She ………..

6 - Does he teach English? No, he ………….

teaches French.?

freezes here in winter. (to freeze)

7 - It ……...…..

knew
8 - Did you know this? No, I never …….…this.

laid it in the cupboard.

9 - Did he lay it in the drawer? No, he……..

lay on the floor.

10 - Where did it lie? It ……….

11 - Did they send it to you? No, they ………it

sent to someone else.

speaks about her job.

12 - What does she speak about? She ………....

13 - How did you sleep? I …………

slept fine.
Irregular
14 - I …………
wrote him a letter last week. (to write) verbs
 Unit five: irregular verbs - exercises.

5.2 - irregular verbs - fill in: past participle (3rd row).

Click or press enter, then listen to the answer by clicking on .

1 - Where have you ……….

been all that time! (to be)

become very cold. (to become)

2 - It has …………...

3 - What time had they …………..?

begun (to begin)

bought new car. (to buy)

4 - She has ……………a

chosen
5 - Why have they ………….for this type of vessel? (to choose)

6 - They had ………….….

forbidden us to enter port. (to forbid)

had lot of requests for it. (to have)

7 - We have ………a

8 - She had ……….

laid all the money in the drawer. (to lay)

overcome all the difficulties? (to overcome)

9 - Have they ……….…...

shaken
10 - Have you …………..this medicine well? (to shake)

11 - We have …………a
struck submarine ledge! (to strike)

stolen
12 - Pirates had ………...half the cargo. (to steal)

13 - I haven’t ……..…very
slept well lately. (to sleep)
Irregular
14 - They have just …….……a verbs
written Letter of Protest.
(to write)
 Irregular Verbs.
PRESENT PAST PAST
TENSE TENSE PARTICIPLE
to arise arose arisen
to awake awoke awoke(n)
to be was/were been
to bear bore borne
to beat beat beaten
to become became become
to begin began begun
to bend bent bent
to bet bet bet
to bind bound bound
to bite bit bitten
to bleed bled bled
to blow blew blown
to break broke broken
to bring brought brought
to build built built
to burn burnt burnt
to burst burst burst
to buy bought bought
to cast cast cast
to catch caught caught
to choose chose chosen
to cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft
to cling clung clung
to come came come
to cost cost cost
to creep crept crept
to cut cut cut
 Irregular Verbs: continued.
PRESENT PAST PAST
TENSE TENSE PARTICIPLE
to deal dealt dealt
to dig dug dug
to do did done
to draw drew drawn
to dream dreamt dreamt
to drink drank drunk
to drive drove driven
to dwell dwelt dwelt
to eat ate eaten
to fall fell fallen
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt
to fight fought fought
to find found found
to fling flung flung
to fly flew flown
to forbid forbade forbidden
to forget forgot forgotten
to forgive forgave forgiven
to freeze froze frozen
to get got got
to give gave given
to go went gone
to grind ground ground
to grow grew grown
to hang hung hung
to have had had
to hear heard heard
to heave hove hove
to heave to hove to hove to
to hide hid hidden
to hit hit hit
to hold held held
to hurt hurt hurt
 Irregular Verbs: continued.
PRESENT PAST PAST
TENSE TENSE PARTICIPLE
to keep kept kept
to kneel knelt knelt
to know knew known
to lay laid laid
to lead led led
to lean leant leant
to leap leapt leapt
to learn learnt learnt
to leave left left
to lend lent lent
to let let let
to lie lay lain
to light lit lit
to lose lost lost
to make made made
to mean meant meant
to meet met met
to pay paid paid
to put put put
to quit quit quit
to read read read
to rend rent rent
to ride rode ridden
to ring rang rung
to rise rose risen
to run ran run
to say said said
to see saw seen
to seek sought sought
to sell sold sold
to send sent sent
to set set set
to shake shook shaken
to shine shone shone
 Irregular Verbs: continued.
PRESENT PAST PAST
TENSE TENSE PARTICIPLE
to shoot shot shot
to show showed shown
to shrink shrank shrunk
to shut shut shut
to sing sang sung
to sink sank sunk
to sit sat sat
to sleep slept slept
to slide slid slid
to slit slit slit
to smell smelt smelt
to speak spoke spoken
to speed sped sped
to spell spelt spelt
to spend spent spent
to spin span/spun spun
to split split split
to spoil spoilt spoilt
to spread spread spread
to spring sprang sprung
to stand stood stood
to stave stove stove
to steal stole stolen
to stick stuck stuck
to sting stung stung
to stink stank/stunk stunk
to strike struck struck
to strive strove striven
to swear swore sworn
to sweat sweat sweat
to sweep swept swept
to swell swole/swelled swollen
to swim swam swum
to swing swung swung
 Irregular Verbs: continued.
PRESENT PAST PAST
TENSE TENSE PARTICIPLE

to take took taken

to teach taught taught
to tear tore torn
to tell told told
to think thought thought
to throw threw thrown
to thrust thrust thrust
to understand understood understood
to wake woke woke(n)
to wear wore worn
to wet wet wet
to win won won
to wind wound wound
to withdraw withdrew withdrawn
to wring wrung wrung
to write wrote written
C P.C. van Kluijven

SHIPPING AND TRANSPORT COLLEGE

ROTTERDAM SENSIA GALLA’