POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Presented by:
FUJI-HAYA AUDIT, INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE CORPORATION
POWER SYSTEM STUDY/ANALYSIS
Power System Analysis is a group of studies during planning, design
and operation of electrical power system which used to evaluate
existing and proposed system’s performance, reliability, safety and
economics.
Excerpt from IEEE Std 399-1997
STUDIES REQUIRED:
A. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
B. PROTECTION COORDINATION STUDY
C. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS & VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION
D. ARC FLASH STUDY
A. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
V. PROCEDURE
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
I. INTRODUCTION
What is short circuit study?
Short circuit / fault studies are done to determine the magnitude of the prospective currents
flowing throughout the power system at various time interval after occurrence of fault. The
results could be used to select fuses, circuit breakers, and switchgear ratings.
Contributors of short circuit currents:
1. Electric Utility
2. Generators
3. Induction Motors
4. Synchronous Motors
Current limiters:
1. Cables
2. Busducts ( very small impedance, for short run it is consider negligible)
3. Transformers
4. Reactors
I. INTRODUCTION
What causes electrical fault?
1. Faulty Insulation
2. Loose Connection
3. Pest and rodents
4. Fault causes by environmental phenomena
5. Human errors or intervention
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To create a model that shows available fault kA in all buses of electrical switchgear
and panels.
2. To evaluate and determine equipment kA rating in comparison to the available fault
kA resulted from the study.
3. To recommend solution if there are findings based on the results.
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
Why do we need to conduct short circuit study?
1. To verify if the electrical protection devices can withstand the flow
of short circuit current during occurrence of fault in the system.
2. In case our protection devices fail to withstand such current at any instance
of fault, damaged to property and even danger of human lives will be the
result.
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III. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
A. Requirements:
1. Meralco data: Fault MVA ( Line to Ground and 3 Phase) & X/R ratio
2. Single Line Diagram and Load Schedule
3. Transformer data such as nameplate rating, voltage and
impedance
4. Cable size, type and length
6. Motor types, rating and impedances
5. Circuit breaker data such as AT/AF, model, type, brand, short circuit rating
( Icu ) which usually expressed in kA unit and trip unit, type and characteristic.
B. Governing Standard:
1. IEC 60909 or ANSI/IEEE C.37 Standard for Short Circuit
Calculation
IV. PROCEDURE
A. Procedure for short circuit study:
1. Drawing and modelling of the electrical system in the ETAP software.
2. Input and verification of data of each components such us Meralco incoming,
transformers , cables, circuit breakers and loads.
IV. PROCEDURE
A. Procedure for short circuit study:
3. After overall checking of data input, run simulation to obtain short circuit kA.
4. Tabulation of all bus kA results and equipment kA rating.
5. Generate ETAP report.
6. Evaluation
Low voltage switchgear duty and device application chart, IEC standard ( Low Voltage) - Normal Config.
Item Device ID Make Model/Typ Bus Voltage Available Fault Device Capability Remarks
e (volts) Current (kA) (kA)
1 MAIN LVSG (N) TERASAKI AT40 440 69.064 85 PASSED
2 MAIN LVSG (G) FUJI ELECTRIC DH25 440 69.064 85 PASSED
3 MAIN CAP BANK TERASAKI XS1600NE 230 69.064 125 PASSED
4 FED PP-ACCU FUJI ELECTRIC EA603C 230 69.064 50 FAILED
5 FED DT TRANS FUJI ELECTRIC EA603C 230 69.064 50 FAILED
6 FED M/C #3 FUJI ELECTRIC EA603C 230 69.064 50 FAILED
7 FED DP-PH1 FUJI ELECTRIC EA603C 230 69.064 50 FAILED
8 FED PP-PROD FUJI ELECTRIC EA403C 230 69.064 35 FAILED
9 FED CONV. #1 FUJI ELECTRIC EA103C 230 69.064 25 FAILED
10 FED CONV. #2 FUJI ELECTRIC EA103C 230 69.064 25 FAILED
11 FED PPA-3 FUJI ELECTRIC EA403B 230 69.064 35 FAILED
12 FED PPA-1 FUJI ELECTRIC EA403B 230 69.064 35 FAILED
13 FED PPA-2 FUJI ELECTRIC EA403B 230 69.064 35 FAILED
14 FED PP-ACU-10 FUJI ELECTRIC EA203B 230 69.064 30 FAILED
15 FED LP-1F FUJI ELECTRIC EA203B 230 69.064 30 FAILED
V. SAMPLE EVALUATION – SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
36 MAIN PPA-3 FUJI ELECTRIC EA403B 230 11.897 35 PASSED
37 MAIN PPA-1 FUJI ELECTRIC EA403B 230 7.686 35 PASSED
38 MAIN PPA-2 FUJI ELECTRIC EA403B 230 7.686 35 PASSED
B. PROTECTION COORDINATION STUDY
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. DEFINITION
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
V. PROCEDURE
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
I. INTRODUCTION
What is protection coordination study?
This study usually called “ the art of protective relaying”. Coordination studies are required to
select or verify the clearing characteristics of devices such as fuses, circuit breakers, and
relays used in the protection scheme. The prerequisite for this study is the short circuit
analysis.
Common type of protective device:
1. Overcurrent protection relays
2. Low voltage circuit breakers
For Air or Power circuit breakers – Adjustable trip unit device
For Molded Case circuit breakers – Thermal Magnetic trip device
3. Power fuses
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To show and present proper recommended settings of all protection
devices connected in the system and create a well-coordinated electrical
system in terms of current discrimination or time discrimination and/or both.
2. To provide graphical representation of protection setting and scheme in
every circuit.
3. Recommended setting of protection equipment is also use in arc flash
study, minimizing arc flash incident energy levels.
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
1. To limit the extent and duration of service interruption whenever equipment, human
error, or adverse natural events occur on any portion of the system.
2. To minimize damage to the system components involved in the failure
3. To avoid interruption/nuisance tripping during starting or energizing equipment such as
motors, transformers and large load machineries.
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
A. Requirements:
1. Same requirements presented in short circuit study.
2. Short circuit study result
3. For High and Medium Voltage System:
3.1 Overcurrent relay type, model, brand and characteristic
curve.
3.2 Current transformer ratio and rating
4. For Low Voltage System:
4.1 Circuit breaker model, type, make and rating
4.2 Trip unit overcurrent relay model, type, make, rating and
characteristic curves.
5. Motor loads ( 75 kW and above)
5.1 Rating, model, type and rating
5.2 Motor technical characteristic including thermal damage
curve, acceleration time and lock rotor current.
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
B. Governing Standard:
1. IEEE Standard 242 ( IEEE Buff Book)
V. PROCEDURE
1. Since the same program file used for short circuit and coordination study, data were
already encoded. Re-verification of protective relays and circuit breakers data,
parameters and characteristics was performed.
2. Creating Time- Current Curves for every circuit from HVSG down to load panels.
V. PROCEDURE
3. Computation and evaluation has been made, circuit breaker and protective relay
settings were tabulated.
SHORT CIRCUIT
DEVICE CAPABILITY AVAILABLE FAULT
CB MODEL / BUS ST PICK- CB GND THERMAL MAGNETIC
PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER(S) MAKE TRIP UNIT MODEL SENSOR PLUG Ir tr Isd tsd Ii LT PICK-UP LT BAND ST BAND (I^x)t INST. GRN PICK-UP (I^x)t I1 t1 LT BAND I2 t2 I3
TYPE VOLTAGE UP OVERRIDE BAND TRIP TRIP
MDB-R21-1 MAIN MDB-R21-1 MERLIN GERIN NS1250H MICROLOGIC 2.0 480 1250 0.8 8 6 FIXED 19kA
FEB 4BP-R21-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM63 480 63 100% FIXED
MAIN 4BP-R21-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM63 480 63 80% FIXED
FED 4DB-R21-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX400H MICROLOGIC 2.3 480 400 400 1 FIXED 8 x Ir FIXED FIXED
MAIN 4DB-R21-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX400H MICROLOGIC 2.3 480 400 400 0.9 FIXED 6 x Ir FIXED FIXED
FED 4DB-R21-3 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 90% 7X
MAIN 4DB-R21-3 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 80% 5X
MDB-R23-1 MAIN MDB-R23-1 MERLIN GERIN NS1250H MICROLOGIC 2.0 480 1250 0.8 8 6 FIXED 19kA
FED 4DB-R23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 100% 9X
MAIN 4DB-R23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 100% 8X
FED 4DB-R23-2 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX400H MICROLOGIC 2.3 480 400 400 1 FIXED 7 x Ir FIXED FIXED 19kA
MAIN 4DB-R23-2 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX400H MICROLOGIC 2.3 480 1250 0.8 8 6 FIXED
MDB-R23-2 MAIN MDB-R23-2 MERLIN GERIN NS1250H MICROLOGIC 2.0 480 1250 0.8 8 6 FIXED 19kA
FED 4DB-R23-T4 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX630H MICROLOGIC 2.3 480 630 500 1 FIXED 6 x Ir FIXED FIXED
MAIN 4DB-R23-T4 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX630H MICROLOGIC 2.3 480 630 500 0.9 FIXED 5 x Ir FIXED FIXED
FED 4BP-R23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM63 480 63 90% FIXED
MAIN 4BP-R23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM63 480 63 70% FIXED
FED 4DB-R23-T1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 90% 6X
MAIN 4DB-R23-T1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 70% 5X
FED 4DB-R23-T2 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 90% 6X
MAIN 4DB-R23-T2 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 80% 5X
FED 4DB-R23-T3 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 90% 6X
MAIN 4DB-R23-T3 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 480 250 80% 5X
MDB-R33-1 MAIN MDB-R33-1 MERLIN GERIN NS1600H MICROLOGIC 2.0 480 1600 1 8 6 FIXED 19 kA
FED 4DB-R33-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM100D 100 100% FIXED
MAIN 4DB-R33-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM100D 100 90% FIXED
FED PROCM-CDA-DRY-LCP-002 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 250 90% 7X
MAIN PROCM-CDA-DRY-LCP-002 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX250N TM250D 250 80% 5X
FED SCREW-COMP-CA-VFD-001 MERLIN GERIN NSX1250N MICROLOGIC 2.0 1250 0.8 8 6 FIXED
MAIN SCREW-COMP-CA-VFD-001 MERLIN GERIN NSX1250N MICROLOGIC 2.0 1250 0.8 4 5 FIXED
MDB-FU23-1 FED W-1-MDB-FU23-1 MAIN MERLIN GERIN NS1250H MICROLOGIC 2.0 480 1250 0.8 4 6 FIXED 19kA
FED 1DB-FU23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM100D 480 100 100% FIXED
MAIN 1DB-FU23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC EZC400N 208 300 FIXED FIXED
FED 4BP-FU23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM100D 480 100 100% FIXED
MAIN 4BP-FU23-1 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM100D 480 100 90% FIXED
FED CDS INLINE HEATER SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX160N TM160D 480 160 100% FIXED
MAIN CDS INLINE HEATER SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX160N TM160D 480 160 90% FIXED
FED CP UPS 1-2 (LVSG5) SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC NSX100N TM100D 480 100 100% FIXED
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
1.0 Sequence of tripping
2
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
2. Transformer damage curve and inrush point
Transformer Thermal
Damage Curve
Transformer Inrush
Point
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
3. Cable thermal damage curve
Cable thermal
damage curve
C. LOAD FLOW AND VOLTAGE DROP
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
V. PROCEDURE
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
I. INTRODUCTION
What is load flow?
Load flow studies used to determine approximate value of current, voltage and power in the
electrical system base on the given or design loads. This load flow is also called “ power
flow analysis”. Load flow computation is an excellent tool for system planning and updating.
What is voltage drop?
On the other hand, voltage drop is the energy loss described by the amount of voltage that
reduced upon passing a certain equipment – usually in cables. Voltage drop calculation is
one of basic feature of load flow analysis.
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To show and present system model along with computed current, power,
voltage regulation and voltage drop in each bus of the electrical system.
2. To check and verify also if the condition of the system is already at marginal
state or still capable for expansion.
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
1. To determine component or circuit loadings
2. To overview steady-state bus voltage and voltage regulation
3. To view power flow
4. To determine and specify correct transformer tap setting
5. To check and verify system efficiency, since voltage drop is considered as loss in the
system. Large voltage drop result to malfunction or poor performance of the load
connected such as machines, heaters, electronics or even lighting.
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
A. Requirements:
1. Meralco data: Fault MVA ( Line to Ground and 3 Phase) & X/R ratio
2. Single Line Diagram and Load Schedule
3. Transformer data such as nameplate rating, voltage and
impedance
4. Cable size, type and length
6. Motor types, rating and impedances
5. Circuit breaker data such as AT/AF, model, type, brand, short circuit rating
( Icu ) which usually expressed in kA unit and trip unit, type and characteristic.
B. Governing Standard:
1. IEEE 141 and PEC 2009 Part 1 for Voltage Drop Calculation.
V. PROCEDURE
A. Procedure for voltage drop calculation:
1. Same ETAP file was used for both short circuit and voltage drop
calculation, only run simulation for load flow analysis which include voltage drop
calculation.
2. Tabulation of all cable run voltage drop result.
3. Generate ETAP report.
4. Evaluation of the results.
Voltage drop(%)
Cable No. From To (< 3% for branch) Remarks
( < 2% for feeder)
HVC-1 First Private Pole T1 0.005 PASSED
LVC-1 T1 LVSG-1 0.23 PASSED
LVC-3 LVSG-1 PP-ACU 0.952 PASSED
LVC-4 LVSG-1 DT-TRANS 0.281 PASSED
LVC-5 DT-TRANS PP-250 KVA 0.23 PASSED
LVC-6 LVSG-1 PRESS M/C #3 0.868 PASSED
LVC-7 LVSG-1 DP-PH1 0.739 PASSED
LVC-8 LVSG-1 PP-PROD 0.322 PASSED
LVC-9 LVSG-1 CLOTH CONV. #1 0.214 PASSED
LVC-10 LVSG-1 CLOTH CONV. #2 0.214 PASSED
LVC-11 LVSG-1 PPA-3 0.763 PASSED
LVC-12 LVSG-1 PPA-1 1.28 PASSED
LVC-13 LVSG-1 PPA-2 1.28 PASSED
LVC-14 LVSG-1 PP-ACU-D 0.171 PASSED
LVC-15 LVSG-1 LP-1F 1.35 PASSED
VI. SAMPLE EVALUATION
1. Checking of rating and parameters
Voltage drop
Voltage regulation
kVA (Apparent Power)
Amperes (Current)
V. SAMPLE EVALUATION
2. Voltage drop evaluation
LVC-13 LVSG-1 PPA-2 1.28 PASSED
LVC-14 LVSG-1 PP-ACU-D 0.171 PASSED
LVC-15 LVSG-1 LP-1F 1.35 PASSED
LVC-16 LVSG-1 LP-A 3.28 FAILED
Excerpt from PEC 2009 Part 1, Article 2.10.2.1
FPN. No. 4, Pages 76-77:
“Conductors for branch circuit as defined in Article
1.0, sized to prevent voltage drop exceeding 3 percent
at the farthest outlet of power, heating, and lighting
loads or combination of such loads and where the
maximum total voltage drop on both feeders and branch
circuits to the farthest outlet does not exceed 5 percent,
provide reasonable efficiency of operation.”
D. ARC FLASH
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
V. CALCULATION SCHEME
VI. PROCEDURE
VII. SAMPLE EVALUATION
I. INTRODUCTION
What is an arc flash?
Also called a “flash over”. It is the result of rapid
release of energy due to an arcing fault between
phase bus bar and another phase bus bar, neutral
or ground.
What is an arc flash study?
Arc flash study used to evaluate the facility or the electrical system itself to determine
hazards and risk in terms of the requirements about arc flash electrical hazard. This is used
to determine possible personal protective equipment (PPE) to be use during operation of
electrical equipment and technical knowledge about arc flash boundaries and clearances.
I. INTRODUCTION
Parameters used to be calculated in arc flash study
1. Bolted fault current - short circuit current resulting from conductors at different
potentials becoming solidly connected together. The common
term use for this is symmetrical fault current.
2. Arc fault current - short circuit current resulting from conductors at different
potentials making a less than solid contact.
3. Incident Energy - is the measure of thermal energy at a working distance.
4. Arc flash boundary - is the distance from the equipment at which the incident
energy of an arc flash would be 1.2 cal/cm2; wherein the
amount of heat would cause a second degree burn.
5. PPE level – level of PPE requirements based on the calculated incident energy.
6. Shock hazard approach boundary – it is the list of approach boundaries for an
energized electrical conductor or circuits
depending on the voltage level.
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To show and present system model for arc flash and to calculate
parameters such as arc fault current, incident energy, arc flash boundaries,
and identifying PPE level and shock hazard approach boundaries.
2. To evaluate results and provide mitigation solution for such high value of
incident energy that result also to high level of arc flash PPE requirement.
3. To provide sample arc flash label in compliance to government protocol.
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
1. This study is a compliance to OSHA ( Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
2. To help improve knowledge about degree of electrical hazard in the system
3. A good tool and add-ons to safety rules and regulation of the facility
4. To provide correct and appropriate PPE and tools for safe working
IV. REQUIREMENTS & STANDARDS
A. Requirements:
1. All requirements presented in short circuit study and
protection coordination study.
2. Short circuit study result.
3. Protection coordination study result.
B. Governing Standards:
1. IEEE 1584
2. NFPA 70E
V. CALCULATION SCHEME
SHORT CIRCUIT BOLTED FAULT
(kA)
ARC FAULT CURRENT
(kA)
This is energy normalized at 610mm
distance and arc duration of 0.2 s
NORMALIZE ENERGY(cal/sq. cm)
1. SOURCE PD CLEARING TIME
2. WORKING DISTANCE (DEPENDING ON
WHAT TYPE OF EQPT.)
ARC FLASH BOUNDARY
INCIDENT ENERGY(cal/sq. cm) (mm)
PPE RATING
IDENTIFICATION
VI. PROCEDURE
1. ETAP file to be use in arc flash modelling is the same in all other studies
presented previously.
2. Since short circuit and protection coordination is already done, the most important
additional information to be encoded is the protection device for each bus in order
to have the correct result.
VI. PROCEDURE
3. Run the arc flash model and preliminary evaluation the results.
4. Generate ETAP report .
5. Generate arc flash label.
6. Tabulate results.
7. Evaluate results
VII. SAMPLE EVALUATION
1. Identification of PPE level or rating
VII. SAMPLE EVALUATION
2. Shock hazard approach boundary
NEW TREND !!!
THANK YOU &
HAVE A SAFE DAY
