Electricity: Introduction: ELEN 20023: Engineering Utilities

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Institute of Technology
Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology
Electricity: Introduction
ELEN 20023: Engineering Utilities

Electricity
Movement of electrons
Invisible force that provides
light, heat, sound, motion . . .
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Elements - The simplest form of matter
Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all

the properties of that element
Components of an Atom
Nucleus
The center portion of
an atom containing the
protons and neutrons
Protons
Positively charged
atomic particles
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic
particles
Atomic Number
The atomic number is
equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
The atomic number

identifies the element.
How many
protons are in this
nucleus?
Electrons
Negatively charged
particles
Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which
electrons move around 2D
3D
the nucleus of an atom
Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom
Electron Orbits
Orbit Maximum
Number Electrons
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
6 72
Valence 8
Orbit
Orbits closest to the nucleus fill first

Electron Orbits
Atoms like to have their valence ring either
filled (8) or empty(0) of electrons.
Copper
Copper How many electrons are
Cu in the valence orbit? 1
29
Is copper a conductor
or insulator? Conductor
Why?
Electron Orbits
Sulfur
Sulfur
S
16
How many electrons are in the valence orbit?

6
Is Sulfur a conductor or insulator?
Insulator
Why?
Electron Flow
An electron from one orbit can knock out an
electron from another orbit.
When an atom loses an

electron, it seeks another
to fill the vacancy.
Copper
Copper
Cu
29
Electron Flow
Electricity is created as electrons collide and
transfer from atom to atom.
Play Animation
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
Electrons flow easily Electron flow is difficult

between atoms between atoms
1-3 valence electrons in 5-8 valence electrons in

outer orbit outer orbit
Examples: Silver, Examples: Mica, Glass,

Copper, Gold, Aluminum Quartz
Conductors and Insulators
Identify conductors and insulators
Conductors Insulators
Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and components
forming a complete path for current to travel
Properties of an electrical circuit include

Voltage Volts V
Current Amps A
Resistance Ohms Ω
Current
The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)
Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)
Pipe (Wiring)
When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
Current in a Circuit
off on
When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
Current Flow
Conventional Current assumes
that current flows out of the positive
side of the battery, through the
Conventional
circuit, and back to the negative Current
side of the battery. This was the
convention established when
electricity was first discovered, but
it is incorrect!
Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of Electron
the negative side of the battery, Flow
through the circuit, and back to the

positive side of the battery.
Engineering vs. Science
The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .
Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)
Pipe (Wiring)
When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
Voltage in a Circuit
off on
The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
Resistance
The opposition of current flow
- measured in Ohms (Ω)
Pipe (Wiring)
What happens to the flow (current) if a rock

gets lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.
Resistance in a Circuit
Resistor
off on
Resistors are components that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the bulb to become
more dim.
Multimeter
An instrument used to measure the
properties of an electrical circuit,
including
Voltage Volts
Current Amps
Resistance Ohms
Measuring Voltage
Set multimeter to the proper V range.
Measure across a component.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Measuring Current
Set multimeter to the proper ADC range.
Circuit flow must go through the meter.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Measuring Resistance
Set multimeter to the proper Ohms range.
Measure across the component being tested.
Power must be off or removed from the circuit.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light

Electricity: Introduction: ELEN 20023: Engineering Utilities

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electricity: Introduction: ELEN 20023: Engineering Utilities

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electricity: Introduction: ELEN 20023: Engineering Utilities

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

ELEN 20023: Engineering Utilities

Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all

The atomic number

Orbits closest to the nucleus fill first

How many electrons are in the valence orbit?

When an atom loses an

Electrons flow easily Electron flow is difficult

1-3 valence electrons in 5-8 valence electrons in

Examples: Silver, Examples: Mica, Glass,

Properties of an electrical circuit include

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

When the switch is off, there is no current.

through the circuit, and back to the

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

The battery provides voltage that will push

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

What happens to the flow (current) if a rock

Resistors are components that create resistance.

You might also like