Data Collection and Analysis Procedures: Practical Research 1

Practical Research 1
Data Collection and Analysis

Procedures
Discussion
Ask Yourself…
 How should I describe the various data collection strategies
in a qualitative research?
 How should I plan the data gathering procedures for my
research?
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
PROCEDURES
 Since the research design influences the data
collection method to use and the direction of
data analysis, we will, therefore, discuss the
requirements of the different designs in order to
zero in on the relevant data to collect.
 We should bear in mind that data for quantitative
analysis are collected differently from data for
qualitative analysis. Even the approaches to data
analysis are different.
 Qualitative and quantitative research approaches have
more differences than similarities. The quantitative
approach is “objective” and has no interaction with a
study’s participants/respondents except when they are
interviewed. The qualitative approach is just the
opposite; the researcher, or observer, puts himself/herself
“in the shoes” of the participant, to understand the
participant’s experience. Qualitative research tries to
understand the subject’s viewpoint, and quantitative
research counts and measures behavior with scales, tools,
or interventions.
 A qualitative research may use observation, interview, focus group
discussions, and documentary analysis to collect necessary data.
1. Observation
Observation exhibits the initial data collection from the actual setting
using the senses. For example, you may observe the attitude of a group
of students toward science experiment during an actual experiment. As
a researcher, you employ four (4) different types of observation:
a. Participant Observation
b. Non-Participant Observation
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Simulations
a. Participant Observation
 It involves an intensive interaction between the

researcher and the subjects or participants. This means
that as a participant observer, the researcher joins the
group he or she is studying in their environment and
participate in their activities. Participant observation
can be overt or covert.
Overt Participant Observation
 As the name suggests, it is a type of

participant observation wherein the
identity of the researcher is known to the
group being studied. This means that prior
to joining or observing the group, the
researcher is likely to inform the members
of the group about his or her goal in
joining the group and the purpose, scope,
and length of the research.
Covert participant observation
 It is a type of participant observation wherein the

participants are not aware of the identity of the
researcher nor that they are being observed for research.
This method allows a researcher to gain access to
groups that would normally allow themselves to be
studied and to obtain a richer and more detailed
observations.
2. Non-Participant Observation
In a non-participant observation, the researcher does not participate in the activities

of the group being observed. Instead, he or she is usually seated at the sidelines
observing the action of the group. This means that the researcher is not directly
involved in the situation he or she is observing.
c. Naturalistic observation
 This method, which is commonly used by

psychologists and other social science researchers,
requires the researcher observes the subjects under
study in their natural setting. In this method, the
researcher simply observes and records what is
really happening as they occur naturally. This is
often used in situations where conducting
laboratory research is unrealistic in terms of costs
or would affect the subjects’ behavior.
d. Simulations
 In this method, the researcher, simulates or

recreates a situation, environment, or system and
observes the subject inner study in the simulated
environment. He or she may ask the participants to
portray a role individually or by team. However,
simulation in the simulated environment would be
the same in the natural environment.
2. Interview
 Observation is usually coupled with interview.

Interview is done to validate the information
you have recorded in your observation. This is
considered as one of the most important data
collection strategies in qualittaive research.
There are four types of intervie: structured,
semi-structure, informal, and retrospective.
 Structured and semi-structured interviews are verbal questionnaires. In
structured interviews, the researcher has a specific set of questions
designed to elicit responses from he participants while in semi-structured
interviews, the researcher prepares open-ended questions in which the
participants are free to write their responses.
 Informal interview is done to determine how the participants act on
certain situations, This is a casual conversation and conducted without
specific sequence of questions or form of questioning. Retrospective
interview is done to recall and reconstruct something that happened in
the past.
3. Focus Group Discussion
 Aside from one-on-one interviews, you can also

interview a small group of people to elicit data on a
certain topic. This technique is called focus group
discussion.
 In a focus group discussion, you ask a small group of
people what they think about a certain topic or issue.
They are seated together and can hear what the others
have to say on the issue. This kind of interview can
provide multiple perspectives at a time.
4. Documentary Analysis
 The last technique that you can use to collect data in a
qualitative research is documentary or content analysis.
Fraenkel and Wallen (2010) defined content analysis
as a technique to study human behavior indirectly by
analyzing documents. These documents may include
books, journals, magazines, art works, pictures, and
others. Through these, you can analyze the people’s
beliefs, attitude, ideas, and values. In content analysis,
you need to code or categorize what you have gathered
from the available documents. This will help you obtain
common themes or constructs for analysis.
Research Presentation End

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Practical Research 1

Data Collection and Analysis

 It involves an intensive interaction between the

 As the name suggests, it is a type of

 It is a type of participant observation wherein the

In a non-participant observation, the researcher does not participate in the activities

 This method, which is commonly used by

 In this method, the researcher, simulates or

 Observation is usually coupled with interview.

 Aside from one-on-one interviews, you can also

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