General Mathematics
Grade 11
Rational
Functions
Polynomial Functions
a polynomial function p of degree of n is a function
that can be written in the form:
+
where
Each addend of the sum is term
Coefficients are the constants of …
Leading coefficient is
Leading term is
Constant term is
Polynomial Functions
+
Examples:
a.
b. 4
c.
a. Polynomial functions of degree of 7
b. Polynomial functions of degree of 4
c. Polynomial functions of degree of 5
Rational Expressions
an expression that can be written as the ratio of two
polynomials :
Examples:
𝑥
2
𝑥 +2 𝑥 +3
5
2 𝑥 +1 𝑥 −3
Rational Equations
an equation involving rational expressions:
Examples:
6
𝑥 5
2 𝑥 − =x =
𝑥 3 6
3 5𝑤 4
2𝑥 1
− = = −3 𝑥
6 𝑤 10 𝑤3 𝑤2 5 3
Rational Inequalities
an inequality involving rational expressions:
Examples:
5 2
𝑥+1
≤ ≤0
𝑥 −3 𝑥 𝑥 −5
2 2
𝑥 +4 𝑥 +3 𝑥 − 16
>0 2
<0
𝑥 −1 ( 𝑥 −1)
Rational Functions
A rational function is a function of the form:
𝑝( 𝑥 )
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑞 ( 𝑥)
whereand are polynomial functions
is not a zero function
the domain of is the set of all values of x where
Rational Functions
Examples:
2 𝑥−4 𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥+ 2 𝑥 −9
3
8
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥−5 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑥+3)
Domain and Range of Rational Functions
Domain of a function is the set of all possible values x.
Range of a function is the set of all possible values y.
Domain of a rational function is all the values of
x that will not make equal to zero.
To get the range of a rational function is by finding the
domain of the inverse function.
Domain and Range of Rational Functions
Steps:
Domain: To find the domain, set the
denominator equal to zero and solve.
Range: To find the range, replace f(x) with y,
then solve for the value/s of x.
Domain and Range of Rational Functions
𝟐𝒙
Example 1: 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙−𝟓
Domain: To find the domain, Range: To find the range,
set the denominator equal to replace f(x) with y, then solve
zero and solve. for the value/s of x.
𝟐𝒙
𝒚= 𝟓 𝒚
𝒙 −𝟓 𝒙=
𝒚−𝟐
𝒚 ( 𝒙 −𝟓 ) =𝟐 𝒙
𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓 𝒚 =𝟐 𝒙
𝒚 − 𝟐= 𝟎
The domain of f(x) is
the set of all real
𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐 𝒙=𝟓 𝒚
𝒚=𝟐𝒚 ≠ 𝟐
numbers except 5. The range of f(x) is the
𝒙 ( 𝒚 −𝟐)=𝟓 𝒚 set of all real numbers
except 2.
Domain and Range of Rational Functions
𝟐
Example 2: 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙−𝟑
Domain: To find the domain, Range: To find the range,
set the denominator equal to replace f(x) with y, then solve
zero and solve. for the value/s of x.
𝟐
𝒚= 𝟑 𝒚 +𝟐
𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙=
𝒚
𝒚 ( 𝒙 −𝟑 ) =𝟐
𝒚 =𝟎
The domain of f(x) is 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑 𝒚 =𝟐
𝒚≠𝟎
the set of all real
numbers except 3.
𝒙𝒚=𝟐+𝟑 𝒚 The range of f(x) is the
𝒙𝒚=𝟑 𝒚 +𝟐 set of all real numbers
except 0.
Domain and Range of Rational Functions
𝟑 𝒙+𝟐
Example 3: 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙+𝟓
Domain: To find the domain, Range: To find the range,
set the denominator equal to replace f(x) with y, then solve
zero and solve. for the value/s of x.
𝟑 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙 ( 𝒚 − 𝟑)= −𝟓 𝒚+ 𝟐
𝒚=
𝒙+𝟓 − 𝟓 𝒚+ 𝟐
𝒙=
𝒚 ( 𝒙 +𝟓 )=𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒚 −𝟑
𝒚 − 𝟑= 𝟎
The domain of f(x) is
𝒙𝒚+𝟓 𝒚 =𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒚 ≠ 𝟑
the set of all real
numbers except -5.
𝒙𝒚− 𝟑 𝒙=𝟐− 𝟓 𝒚 The range of f(x) is the
𝒙𝒚− 𝟑𝒙=−𝟓 𝒚+𝟐 set of all real numbers
except 3.
Domain and Range of Rational Functions
𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔
Example 4: 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙+ 𝟒
Domain: To find the domain, Range: To find the range,
set the denominator equal to replace f(x) with y, then solve
zero and solve. for the value/s of x.
𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔
𝒚=
𝒙 +𝟒
𝒚+ 𝟒=− 4
𝒚=
( 𝒙 −𝟒 )( 𝒙 +𝟒)
𝒚=− 𝟒 − 𝟒
( 𝒙 +𝟒)
𝒚 =− 𝟖
The domain of f(x) is
the set of all real
𝒚= 𝒙 − 𝟒 The range of f(x) is the
set of all real numbers
except -8.
numbers except -4.
𝒚+ 𝟒 = 𝒙
Intercepts and Asymptotes
Intercepts: x- intercept and y-intercept
x- intercept y- intercept
Set
Set
Solve for x Solve for y
Example:
𝒚=𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒
x- intercept
𝟎=𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒙 =𝟐(𝟐 , 𝟎)
𝟐 𝒙 =𝟒
Intercepts and Asymptotes
Example:
𝒚=𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒
x- intercept y- intercept
Set Set
Solve for x Solve for y
𝟎=𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒚=𝟐 (𝟎)− 𝟒
𝟐 𝒙 =𝟒 𝒚=𝟎 − 𝟒
𝒙 =𝟐
𝒚=− 𝟒
(𝟐 , 𝟎)
(𝟎 , − 𝟒 )
Intercepts and Asymptotes
𝒙 +𝟕
Example: 𝒚=
𝒙 −𝟓
x- intercept y- intercept
Set
Solve for x Set
Solve for y
𝒙+𝟕
𝟎= 𝟎+ 𝟕
𝒙 −𝟓 𝒚=
𝟎 −𝟓
𝟎=𝒙+𝟕
𝒚=
+𝟕
𝒙=− 𝟕 −𝟓
𝟕
(− 𝟕 , 𝟎) 𝒚 =−
𝟓
𝟕
(− , 𝟎)
𝟓
Intercepts and Asymptotes
Horizontal Asymptote Vertical Asymptote
𝒏 <𝒎 𝑯𝑨 : 𝒚=𝟎
𝒏 =𝒎 𝑯𝑨 : 𝒚= 𝒂
𝒃
𝒏 >𝒎 𝑵𝒐 𝑯𝑨
Intercepts and Asymptotes
𝟕
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
𝒙−𝟓
Horizontal Asymptote Vertical Asymptote
𝒏=𝟎 𝒎=𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟓=𝟎
𝒚 =𝟎
𝒙 =𝟓
Intercepts and Asymptotes
Horizontal Asymptote Vertical Asymptote
𝟏𝟐 𝒙 −𝟔
𝟓
𝒚= 𝟗 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= +𝟓 𝒙 =− 𝟑
𝟑 𝒙 +𝟓
𝒏=𝟏𝒎 =𝟏
𝟑 𝒙+𝟓=𝟎
𝟏𝟐
𝒚= +𝟓
𝟑 𝒙=− 𝟓
𝟑
𝟓
𝒚= 𝟒+𝟓 𝒙 =−
𝟑
𝒚= 𝟗
