9-1
CHAPTER 9
The Cost of Capital
Cost of Capital Components
Debt
Preferred
Common Equity
WACC
9-2
What types of long-term capital do
firms use?
Long-term debt
Preferred stock
Common equity
9-3
Capital components are sources of
funding that come from investors.
Accounts payable, accruals, and
deferred taxes are not sources of
funding that come from investors, so
they are not included in the
calculation of the cost of capital.
We do adjust for these items when
calculating the cash flows of a
project, but not when calculating the
cost of capital.
9-4
Should we focus on before-tax or
after-tax capital costs?
Tax effects associated with financing
can be incorporated either in capital
budgeting cash flows or in cost of
capital.
Most firms incorporate tax effects in
the cost of capital. Therefore, focus
on after-tax costs.
Only cost of debt is affected.
9-5
Should we focus on historical
(embedded) costs or new (marginal)
costs?
The cost of capital is used primarily
to make decisions which involve
raising and investing new capital.
So, we should focus on marginal
costs.
9-6
Cost of Debt
Method 1: Ask an investment banker
what the coupon rate would be on
new debt.
Method 2: Find the bond rating for
the company and use the yield on
other bonds with a similar rating.
Method 3: Find the yield on the
company’s debt, if it has any.
9-7
A 15-year, 12% semiannual bond sells
for $1,153.72. What’s rd?
0 1 2 30
i=? ...
-1,153.72 60 60 60 + 1,000
INPUTS 30 -1153.72 60 1000
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 5.0% x 2 = rd = 10%
9-8
Component Cost of Debt
Interest is tax deductible, so the
after tax (AT) cost of debt is:
rd AT = rd BT(1 - T)
= 10%(1 - 0.40) = 6%.
Use nominal rate.
Flotation costs small, so ignore.
9-9
What’s the cost of preferred stock?
PP = $113.10; 10%Q; Par = $100; F = $2.
Use this formula:
D ps 0.1 $100
rps
Pn $113 .10 $2.00
$10
0.090 9.0%.
$111 .10
9 - 10
Picture of Preferred
0
rps = ?
1 2
...
-111.1 2.50 2.50 2.50
D ps DQ $2.50
rps $111 .10 .
Pn rPer rPer
$2.50
rPer 2.25%; rps ( Nom ) 2.25%( 4) 9%.
$111 .10
9 - 11
Note:
Flotation costs for preferred are
significant, so are reflected. Use
net price.
Preferred dividends are not
deductible, so no tax adjustment.
Just rps.
Nominal rps is used.
9 - 12
Is preferred stock more or less risky to
investors than debt?
More risky; company not required to
pay preferred dividend.
However, firms want to pay preferred
dividend. Otherwise, (1) cannot pay
common dividend, (2) difficult to raise
additional funds, and (3) preferred
stockholders may gain control of firm.
9 - 13
Why is yield on preferred lower than rd?
Corporations own most preferred stock,
because 70% of preferred dividends are
nontaxable to corporations.
Therefore, preferred often has a lower
B-T yield than the B-T yield on debt.
The A-T yield to investors and A-T cost to
the issuer are higher on preferred than on
debt, which is consistent with the higher
risk of preferred.
9 - 14
Example:
rps = 9% rd = 10% T = 40%
rps, AT = rps - rps (1 - 0.7)(T)
= 9% - 9%(0.3)(0.4) = 7.92%
rd, AT = 10% - 10%(0.4) = 6.00%
A-T Risk Premium on Preferred = 1.92%
9 - 15
What are the two ways that companies
can raise common equity?
Directly, by issuing new shares of
common stock.
Indirectly, by reinvesting earnings
that are not paid out as dividends
(i.e., retaining earnings).
9 - 16
Why is there a cost for reinvested
earnings?
Earnings can be reinvested or paid
out as dividends.
Investors could buy other securities,
earn a return.
Thus, there is an opportunity cost if
earnings are reinvested.
9 - 17
Opportunity cost: The return
stockholders could earn on
alternative investments of equal
risk.
They could buy similar stocks
and earn rs, or company could
repurchase its own stock and
earn rs. So, rs, is the cost of
reinvested earnings and it is the
cost of equity.
9 - 18
Three ways to determine the
cost of equity, rs:
1. CAPM: rs = rRF + (rM - rRF)b
= rRF + (RPM)b.
2. DCF: rs = D1/P0 + g.
3. Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk
Premium:
rs = rd + Bond RP.
9 - 19
What’s the cost of equity
based on the CAPM?
rRF = 7%, RPM = 6%, b = 1.2.
rs = rRF + (rM - rRF )b.
= 7.0% + (6.0%)1.2 = 14.2%.
9 - 20
Issues in Using CAPM
Most analysts use the rate on a long-
term (10 to 20 years) government
bond as an estimate of rRF. For a
current estimate, go to
www.bloomberg.com, select “U.S.
Treasuries” from the section on the
left under the heading “Market.”
More…
9 - 21
Issues in Using CAPM (Continued)
Most analysts use a rate of 5% to 6.5%
for the market risk premium (RPM)
Estimates of beta vary, and estimates
are “noisy” (they have a wide
confidence interval). For an estimate
of beta, go to www.bloomberg.com
and enter the ticker symbol for STOCK
QUOTES.
9 - 22
What’s the DCF cost of equity, rs?
Given: D0 = $4.19;P0 = $50; g = 5%.
D1 D0 1 g
rs g g
P0 P0
$4.19105
.
0.05
$50
0.088 0.05
13.8%.
9 - 23
Estimating the Growth Rate
Use the historical growth rate if you
believe the future will be like the
past.
Obtain analysts’ estimates: Value
Line, Zack’s, Yahoo!.Finance.
Use the earnings retention model,
illustrated on next slide.
9 - 24
Suppose the company has been
earning 15% on equity (ROE = 15%)
and retaining 35% (dividend payout
= 65%), and this situation is
expected to continue.
What’s the expected future g?
9 - 25
Retention growth rate:
g = ROE(Retention rate)
g = 0.35(15%) = 5.25%.
This is close to g = 5% given earlier.
Think of bank account paying 15% with
retention ratio = 0. What is g of
account balance? If retention ratio is
100%, what is g?
9 - 26
Could DCF methodology be applied
if g is not constant?
YES, nonconstant g stocks are
expected to have constant g at
some point, generally in 5 to 10
years.
But calculations get complicated.
See “FM11 Ch 9 Tool Kit.xls”.
9 - 27
Find rs using the own-bond-yield-
plus-risk-premium method.
(rd = 10%, RP = 4%.)
rs = rd + RP
= 10.0% + 4.0% = 14.0%
This RP CAPM RPM.
Produces ballpark estimate of rs.
Useful check.
9 - 28
What’s a reasonable final estimate
of rs?
Method Estimate
CAPM 14.2%
DCF 13.8%
rd + RP 14.0%
Average 14.0%
9 - 29
9 - 30
When Must External Equity Be Used?
If a firm has more good investment
opportunities than can be financed
with retained earnings plus the debt
and preferred stock supported by
those retained earnings, it may need
to issue new common stock.
9 - 31
Determining the Weights for the WACC
The weights are the percentages of
the firm that will be financed by each
component.
If possible, always use the target
weights for the percentages of the
firm that will be financed with the
various types of capital.
9 - 32
Estimating Weights for the
Capital Structure
If you don’t know the targets, it is
better to estimate the weights using
current market values than current
book values.
If you don’t know the market value of
debt, then it is usually reasonable to
use the book values of debt,
especially if the debt is short-term.
(More...)
9 - 33
Estimating Weights (Continued)
Suppose the stock price is $50, there
are 3 million shares of stock, the firm
has $25 million of preferred stock,
and $75 million of debt.
(More...)
9 - 34
Vce = $50 (3 million) = $150 million.
Vps = $25 million.
Vd = $75 million.
Total value = $150 + $25 + $75 = $250
million.
wce = $150/$250 = 0.6
wps = $25/$250 = 0.1
wd = $75/$250 = 0.3
9 - 35
What’s the WACC?
WACC = wdrd(1 - T) + wpsrps + wcers
= 0.3(10%)(0.6) + 0.1(9%) + 0.6(14%)
= 1.8% + 0.9% + 8.4% = 11.1%.
9 - 36
WACC Estimates for Some Large
U. S. Corporations
Company WACC wd
Intel (INTC) 16.0 2.0%
Dell Computer (DELL) 12.5 9.1%
BellSouth (BLS) 10.3 39.8%
Wal-Mart (WMT) 8.8 33.3%
Walt Disney (DIS) 8.7 35.5%
Coca-Cola (KO) 6.9 33.8%
H.J. Heinz (HNZ) 6.5 74.9%
Georgia-Pacific (GP) 5.9 69.9%
9 - 37
What factors influence a company’s
WACC?
Market conditions, especially interest
rates and tax rates.
The firm’s capital structure and
dividend policy.
The firm’s investment policy. Firms
with riskier projects generally have a
higher WACC.
9 - 38
Why is the cost of internal equity from
reinvested earnings cheaper than the
cost of issuing new common stock?
1. When a company issues new
common stock they also have to pay
flotation costs to the underwriter.
2. Issuing new common stock may
send a negative signal to the capital
markets, which may depress stock
price.
9 - 39
Estimate the cost of new common
equity: P0=$50, D0=$4.19, g=5%, and
F=15%.
D0 (1 g )
re g
P0 (1 F )
$4.19 1.05
5 . 0%
$50 1 0.15
$4.40
5.0% 15.4%.
$42.50
9 - 40
Comments about flotation costs:
Flotation costs depend on the risk of
the firm and the type of capital being
raised.
The flotation costs are highest for
common equity. However, since most
firms issue equity infrequently, the
per-project cost is fairly small.
We will frequently ignore flotation
costs when calculating the WACC.
9 - 41
Four Mistakes to Avoid
1. When estimating the cost of debt,
don’t use the coupon rate on existing
debt. Use the current interest rate on
new debt.
2. When estimating the risk premium for
the CAPM approach, don’t subtract
the current long-term T-bond rate
from the historical average return on
common stocks. (More ...)
9 - 42
For example, if the historical rM has
been about 12.2% and inflation
drives the current rRF up to 10%, the
current market risk premium is not
12.2% - 10% = 2.2%!
(More ...)
9 - 43
3. Don’t use book weights to estimate
the weights for the capital structure.
Use the target capital structure to determine
the weights.
If you don’t know the target weights, then
use the current market value of equity, and
never the book value of equity.
If you don’t know the market value of debt,
then the book value of debt often is a
reasonable approximation, especially for
short-term debt.
(More...)
9 - 44
4. Always remember that capital
components are sources of
funding that come from investors.
Accounts payable, accruals, and
deferred taxes are not sources of
funding that come from investors, so
they are not included in the
calculation of the WACC.
We do adjust for these items when
calculating the cash flows of the
project, but not when calculating the
WACC.
