Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Uninterruptible Power Supply
(UPS)
Systems
Content
1. Introduction
2. Common power line problems
3. Types of Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
4. Energy storage systems
5. Distributed UPS systems
6. Examples of industrial UPS systems
7. Future trends: Microgrids and Renewable
Energy
Contents
Introduction .1
Common power line problems .2
Types of Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) .3
Energy storage systems .4
Distributed UPS systems .5
Examples of industrial UPS systems .6
Future trends: Microgrids and Renewable .7
Energy
- Is it really possible to get
UNINTERRUPTIBLE power
supplies?
à The answer is NO!
But… we should try!
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
:UPS types
A variety of design approaches are used to

implement UPS systems, each with distinct
performance
characteristics. The most common design
approaches are as follows:
• Standby
• Line Interactive
• Standby-Ferro
• Double Conversion On-Line
• Delta Conversion On-Line.
• REDUNDANCY CONFIGURATIONS.
- …but what is a UPS?
Is a device that tries to maintain a continuous
supply of
electric power to the connected loads by supplying
power
from a separated source when the mains fails.
- Main types of UPS:
- Static: based on power electronics
- Dynamic: based on motor/generator engines
- Hybrid: mix between static and dynamic
Rotary UPS Systems
Hybrid UPS system
Rotary UPS Systems
.Rotary UPS consisted of a M-G set with flywheel
Rotary UPS Systems
.Rotary UPS consisted of a M-G set with flywheel •
Rotary UPS Systems
.Off-line UPS with diesel engine backup

Rotary UPS Systems
kVA 2200
kVA 315
Include:
• Induction Motor/Generator operating with a surge-limiting
line reactor,
• Power electronics control
• Low-speed flywheel
The system is equipped with the necessary switchgear for
connection to
the mains.
Normal operation, the electronic power controller (EPC)
operates the IMG
as a motor to control the speed of the flywheel to a nominal
1800 RPM.
Static vs Rotary UPS Systems
Hybrid UPS
Contents
1. Introduction
Energy
Common power line problems
- IEC 62040-3 standard& european equivalent ENV 50091-3.
Classification of UPSs:
- Passive standby (Offline or line-preferred)
- Line-interactive
- Double conversion (Online or inverter-preferred)
Common power line problems
Contents
1. Introduction
Energy
The Standby UPS
Passive-standby UPS (offline)
Operation modes:
• Normal operation (line preferred)
• Stored energy operation (mains failure)
The inverter is connected in parallel and acts simply to backup utility
power.
Advantages:
- simple design
- low cost
- small size
- Disadvantages:
- no isolation of the load from the mains
- high switching time
- no regulation of the output voltage & frequency
- Applications:
- low power ratings (< 2 kVA)
- small personal computers
- home applications
The Line Interactive UPS
Line-interactive UPS
Operation modes:
• Normal operation (line + inverter as shunt APF)
• Stored energy operation (mains failure)
Advantages:
- lower cost than double-conversion UPS of same
power rating
- efficiency about 97% when no problems in the line
- Disadvantages:
- no real isolation of the load from the mains
- no regulation of the output frequency
- poor protection against spikes and overvoltages
- poor efficiency when operating on non linear loads
- Applications:
- power ratting between 0.5 kVA and 5 kVA for small
server systems
Series-parallel line-interactive UPS (delta-conversion UPS)
Performances:
- Active power filtering (shunt and parallel)
- Battery charge and supply energy for DC/AC conversion
A bidirectional converter connects the batteries to the load.
n The “Boost/Buck”, “AVR” (automatic voltage regulation) and “Delta
Conversion” topologies belong to the line-interactive category.
The Standby-Ferro UPS
The Double Conversion On-Line
UPS
Double conversion UPS (online)
Operation modes:
- Normal operation (inverter preferred)
- Stored energy operation (mains failure)
- Bypass operation (overload or UPS failure)
The inverter is connected in series between the AC input and the load.
Power for the load flows continuously through the inverter.
Advantages:
- isolation of the load from the mains
- very wide input-voltage tolerances
- precise regulation of the output frequency
- instantaneous transfer to stored-energy mode when mains fails
- no-break transfer to bypass mode.
- manual bypass to facilitate maintenance.
- Disadvantages:
- higher price
- lower efficiency than line-interactive (up to 94% since double
conversion)
- Applications:
- sensitive equipments: hospitals, server farms
- commercial UPS units of 5 kVA and above
Topologies
- IGBT technology
- Transformer-less
Parts of the UPS

UPS topologies
Full bridge
Half bridge
UPS topologies
The Delta Conversion On-Line UPS
:REDUNDANCY CONFIGURATIONS
Power losses in a half-bridge inverter

Contents
1. Introduction
Energy
.Energy storage systems
Where we can store (electrical) energy?
- Batteries
- Flywheels
- Superconductor inductance
- Supercapacitors
- Compressed air devices
- Hidrogen and fuel cells
Energy storage systems
?Power or Energy
.Energy storage systems. BESS
Comparative analysis of the energy of the rechargeable batteries

of Pb, Ni-Cd & Li
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
.kW@15 kWh Li-ion battery set from Saft America 100
.Energy storage systems. Flywheels
Flywheel unit with 6 kWh from Beacon Power

Energy storage systems. Flywheels.
Energy storage systems. Flywheels
Online UPS system with parallel connecte flywheel units

.Energy storage systems. SMES
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) with 2 MJ, 0.6 kWh capacity
Superconductor coil formed by NbTi cooled by liquid He at 4.2 K
.Energy storage systems. SMES
Energy storage systems.
.Supercapacitors
Supercapacitor or double layer capacitor .320F to 2600F @ 2.7V

with 2700F@2.5V from Maxwell
Technologies.
• Very high rates of charge and discharge.

• Little degradation over hundreds of thousands of cycles.
• Good reversibility
• Low toxicity of materials used
• High cycle efficiency (95% or more)
Disadvantages:
* The amount of energy stored is lower than batteries
* The voltage varies with the energy stored.
* Requires sophisticated electronic control and power electronics.
Content
1. Introduction
Energy
Industrial parallel online UPS systems
Industrial parallel online UPS
systems
Rack parallel UPS system
Rack parallel UPS system
Content
1. Introduction
Energy
Distributed generation paradigm
Nowadays problem: energy crisis & climatic change

• Kyoto's protocol: reduction of CO2 emission
• Raise of renewable energy:
- Photovoltaic
- Wind
- Hydrogen
- Micro-turbines
• Small energy storage systems:
- UPS (static & dynamic)
- Flywheels
- Super-capacitors
- Compressed air devices
- Mini-hydraulics
• Energy production decentralization:
- Distributed generation and Microgrids
Hierarchical control:
Primary control: P/Q droop method (virtual inertias)
Secondary control: Set-points control (restoration & synch)
Tertiary control: Import/export power (economical issues)
Microgrid based on renewable energy
Common power problems
Power failure - Total loss of utility power: Causes electrical equipment to stop
working.
Voltage sag - Transient (short term) under-voltage: Causes flickering of lights.
Voltage spike - Transient (short term) over-voltage ie spike or peak: Causes
wear or acute damage to electronic equipment.
Under-voltage (brownout) - Low line voltage for an extended period of time:
Causes overheating in motors.
Over-voltage - Increased voltage for an extended period of time: Causes light
bulbs to fail.
Line noise - Distortions superimposed on the power waveform: Causes electro
magnetic interference.
Frequency variation - Deviation from the nominal frequency (50 or 60 Hz):
Causes motors to increase or decrease speed.
Switching transient - Instantaneous undervoltage (notch) in the range of
nanoseconds: May cause erratic behavior in some equipment, memory loss,
data error, data loss and component stress.
Harmonic distortion - Multiples of power frequency superimposed on the power
waveform: Causes excess heating in wiring and fuses.
Lead-acid battery
Electrochemistry
Each cell contains (in the charged state) electrodes of
lead metal (Pb) and lead (IV) oxide (PbO2) in an
electrolyte of about 37% (5.99 Molar) w/w sulfuric acid
(H2SO4). In the discharged state both electrodes turn
into lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) and the electrolyte loses
its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily
water. Due to the freezing-point depression of water, as
the battery discharges and the concentration of
sulfuric acid decreases, the electrolyte is more likely to
freeze.
The chemical reactions are (charged to discharged):
Anode (oxidation):
Cathode(reduction):

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Uninterruptible Power Supply

A variety of design approaches are used to

.Off-line UPS with diesel engine backup

Parts of the UPS

Power losses in a half-bridge inverter

Comparative analysis of the energy of the rechargeable batteries

Flywheel unit with 6 kWh from Beacon Power

Online UPS system with parallel connecte flywheel units

Supercapacitor or double layer capacitor .320F to 2600F @ 2.7V

• Very high rates of charge and discharge.

Nowadays problem: energy crisis & climatic change

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