Binomial Probability Distributions
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Slide 1
Basics and terminology
Outcome:- The end result of an experiment.
Random experiment:- Experiments whose
outcomes are not predictable.
Random Event:- A random event is an outcome or
set of outcomes of a random experiment that share a
common attribute.
Sample space:- The sample space is an exhaustive
list of all the possible outcomes of an experiment,
which is usually denoted by S.
Slide 2
Basics and terminology (contd.)
Mutually Exclusive Event.
Random Variables.
Discrete Random Variable .
Continuous Random Variable.
Binomial Distribution:-
The Binomial Distribution describes discrete ,
not continuous, data, resulting from an
experiment known as Bernoulli process.
Slide 3
Notation(parameters) for Binomial
Distributions.
S and F (success and failure) denote two possible
categories of all outcomes.
P(S) = p (p = probability of success)
P(F) = 1 – p = q (q = probability of failure)
n =denotes the number of fixed trials.
Slide 4
Notation(parameters) for Binomial
Distributions( contd.)
p =denotes the probability of success in one of the
n trials.
q =denotes the probability of failure in one of the
n trials.
P(x) =denotes the probability of getting exactly x
successes among the n trials.
• x = denotes a specific number of successes in n
trials, so x can be any whole number between 0
and n, inclusive.
Slide 5
Assumptions for binomial
distribution
For each trial there are only two possible
outcomes on each trial, S (success) & F (failure).
The number of trials ‘ n’ is finite.
For each trial, the two outcomes are mutually
exclusive .
P(S) = p is constant. P(F) = q = 1-p.
The trials are independent, the outcome of a
trial is not affected by the outcome of any other
trial.
The probability of success, p, is constant from
trial to trial. Slide 6
Methods for Finding Probabilities
Method 1: Using the Binomial Probability Formula.
Slide 7
Method 1: Using the Binomial
Probability Formula.
For x = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n
Where
n = number of trials.
x = number of successes among n trials.
p = probability of success in any one
trial.
q = probability of failure in any one
trial. (q = 1 – p).
Slide 8
Method 2: Table Method
Part of A Table is shown below. With n = 12 and p =
0.80 in the binomial distribution, the probabilities of 4, 5,
6, and 7 successes are 0.001, 0.003, 0.016, and 0.053
respectively.
Slide 9
Method 3: Using Technology
STATDISK, Minitab, Excel and the TI-83 Plus
calculator can all be used to find binomial
probabilities.
STATDIS Minitab
K
Slide 10
Excel TI-83 Plus calculator
Slide 11
Measures of Central Tendency and dispersion for
the Binomial Distribution.
Mean, µ = n*p
Std. Dev. s =
Variance, s 2 =n*p*q
Where
n = number of fixed trials
p = probability of success in one of the n trials
q = probability of failure in one of the n trials
Slide 12
Shape of the Binomial Distribution
The shape of the binomial distribution depends on the values of n
and p.
Fig.1.Binomial distributions for different values of p with n=10
•When p is small (0.2), the binomial distribution is skewed to the
right.
•When p= 0.5 , the binomial distribution is symmetrical.
•When p is larger than 0.5, the distribution is skewed to the left.
Slide 13
Fig.2.Binomial distributions for different values of n with p=0.2
Fig. 2 illustrates the general shape of a family of binomial
distributions with a constant p of 0.2 and n’s from 7 to 50. As n
increases, the distributions becomes more symmetric.
Slide 14
Applications for binomial distributions
Binomial distributions describe the possible number of times that
a particular event will occur in a sequence of observations.
They are used when we want to know about the occurrence of an
event, not its magnitude.
Examples
• In a clinical trial, a patient’s condition may improve or not. We
study the number of patients who improved, not how much better
they feel.
• Is a person ambitious or not? The binomial distribution describes
the number of ambitious persons, not how ambitious they are.
• In quality control we assess the number of defective items in a
lot of goods, irrespective of the type of defect. Slide 15
Areas of Application
•Common uses of binomial distributions in business include quality
control. Industrial engineers are interested in the proportion of
defectives .
• Also used extensively for medical (survive, die)
• It is also used in military applications (hit, miss).
Slide 16
Thank You
Slide 17
