This document discusses image enhancement techniques, specifically histogram equalization. It begins by explaining what an image histogram is and how it relates to the intensity distributions in an image. It then demonstrates histograms for monochrome and color images. The document goes on to describe histogram equalization, which aims to increase image contrast by spreading out the most frequent intensity values. It provides an example of applying equalization to a sample image and shows how it results in a flatter, more uniform histogram compared to the original. The goal of equalization is to improve image quality by better utilizing the full tonal range.
This document discusses image enhancement techniques, specifically histogram equalization. It begins by explaining what an image histogram is and how it relates to the intensity distributions in an image. It then demonstrates histograms for monochrome and color images. The document goes on to describe histogram equalization, which aims to increase image contrast by spreading out the most frequent intensity values. It provides an example of applying equalization to a sample image and shows how it results in a flatter, more uniform histogram compared to the original. The goal of equalization is to improve image quality by better utilizing the full tonal range.
This document discusses image enhancement techniques, specifically histogram equalization. It begins by explaining what an image histogram is and how it relates to the intensity distributions in an image. It then demonstrates histograms for monochrome and color images. The document goes on to describe histogram equalization, which aims to increase image contrast by spreading out the most frequent intensity values. It provides an example of applying equalization to a sample image and shows how it results in a flatter, more uniform histogram compared to the original. The goal of equalization is to improve image quality by better utilizing the full tonal range.
This document discusses image enhancement techniques, specifically histogram equalization. It begins by explaining what an image histogram is and how it relates to the intensity distributions in an image. It then demonstrates histograms for monochrome and color images. The document goes on to describe histogram equalization, which aims to increase image contrast by spreading out the most frequent intensity values. It provides an example of applying equalization to a sample image and shows how it results in a flatter, more uniform histogram compared to the original. The goal of equalization is to improve image quality by better utilizing the full tonal range.
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University of Baghdad
Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering
Biomedical Engineering Department
Image processing for BME 2
5th Stage
Lecture 1 Image Enhancement
By: Dr. Noor Kamal PhD in Biomedical Engineering Image processing for BME 2_Lec 1_ 2020 1 Image Histograms
• The histogram of an image is a tally of the number of pixels
at each intensity level or color (Frequency of the intensity values of the image). • The shape of the histogram is related to the ranges and groupings of intensity values in the image. • Quantise frequency into intervals (called bins)
Image processing for BME 2_Lec 1_ 2020 2
Image Histograms
• In the following monochrome examples notice how
the peaks of in the histogram correspond to concentrations of intensities in the image globally. • In the color examples the primary that has the largest value at any intensity dominates the image.
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Monochrome Intensity Distributions
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Monochrome Intensity Distributions
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Monochrome Intensity Distributions
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Color Intensity Distributions
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Color Intensity Distributions
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Color Intensity Distributions
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Color Intensity Distributions
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Image Histograms: Monochrome
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Image Histograms: Monochrome
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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image
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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image (Multi-resolution Image)
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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image
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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image
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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image
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The Histograms of a Color Image
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The Histograms of a Color Image
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Image processing for BME 2_Lec 1_ 2020 20 Histograms Processing
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Histograms Processing
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Image Enhancement
Histogram equalization : is a method which increases the
dynamic range of the gray-levels in a low-contrast image to cover full range of gray-levels. Goal: find a transform s=T(r) such that the transformed image has a flat (equalized) histogram. • A) T(r) is signle-valued and monotonically increasing in interval [0,1]; • B) 0≤T(r) ≤1 for 0 ≤r ≤1.
Example (Histogram Equalization) Consider the following image (a matrix filled with integers) with the gray scale value ranging from 0 to 7, with each pixel encoded into 3 bits, find the image histogram then perform the equalization:
values are spreads over the whole range from 0 to the maximum scale level 255. Image processing for BME 2_Lec 1_ 2020 33 8
Number of pixels 7
Pixel p(m,n) level Number of pixels 6
0 2 5 1 7 2 5 4 3 3 4 1 3
5 1 2 6 1 7 0 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Scale Level
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The equalized image using Table 2, is finally obtained by replacing each old pixel value in the old image with the corresponding equalized new pixel value as in below:
1 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 3 3 6 6 6 6 1 5 7 3 3
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8
Number of pixels 7 Table 3: Pixel level distribution counts of the equalized image 6 Pixel p(m,n) level Number of pixels 0 0 5 1 2 2 0 4 3 7 4 0 3 5 5 6 4 2 7 2 1
