MICROPROCESOR 8085 ARCHITECTURE
Dr.YNM
SALIENT FEATURES
• The Intel 8085 CPU is an 8-bit device with a clock speed of 3 - 5
MHz. It has 80 basic instructions and 246 op-codes. Its clock cycle is
200 ns (For a frequency of 5 M.Hz)
• 8085 microprocessor is a 40-pin DIP chip which works at + 5V DC.
• It has one 8-bit data bus and one 16-bit data bus.
• It has a 16-bit address bus and can access an address space of 64kB.
• 8085 supports a total of 5 interrupt sources among which one is non-
vectored interrupt and 4 are vectored .
• It has one 8-bit Accumulator , one 16-bit program counter and one
16-bit Stack pointer register and one 8- bit Instruction Register.
• It has one 8-bit status/Flag register, where only 5-flags are
supported.
contd
• It has one serial port with two lines SOD(Serial Output Data) & SID
(Serial Input Data).
• This 8085 is an enhanced version of its predecessor the 8080A.Its
instruction set is upward compatible with that of the 8080A.
• 8085A has an on-chip clock generator with external crystal, LC or
RC network.
• This 8085 microprocessor is built with nearly 6200 transistors.
• The enhanced version of 8080 is the Intel 8085AH. It is an N
channel depletion load, Silicon gate (HMOS) 8-bit processor.
• Clock frequencies of 3MHZ, 5MHZ and 6MHZ selections are
available.
Block Diagram of 8085
• ALU
• Registers
• Timing &
• Control Unit
Architecture
• Intel 805 processor is based on CISC architecture.(Complex
Instruction Set Computer)
• The architecture of the 8085 microprocessor ,gives the details of
internal arrangement of ALU, Registers ,Timing & Control unit and
their internal connections through the data, address and control buses.
• The architecture of 805 consists of three important sections as shown
in the block diagram.
(i) ALU (ii).Registers (iii) Timing & Control Unit
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• The ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical operations like
addition, subtraction, complementing, logical AND, logical OR,
logical Exclusive OR, incrementing and decrementing, rotate, shift
and clear.
• An ALU is made of many logic gates and adders etc.
The arithmetic and logic unit consists of the following units
(a).Accumulator (A).
(b).Temporary register.
(c).Flag register.
Accumulator (A)
• It is an 8-bit register which is treated as a special function register.
• Most of the arithmetic and logic operations are performed using this
accumulator.
• All the I/O data transfers between 8085 and I/O devices are
performed via accumulator.
• One of the operands for arithmetic operations in ALU is from the
accumulator.
• After performing the arithmetic operations the result is stored back in
accumulator.
• It is from the accumulator only, the data is sent out to an output
device.
contd
• Similarly, the data from an input device is read only through the
accumulator.
• The data in the accumulator alone can be rotated or shifted.(i.e to
perform shift or rotate operations ,the data operand must be brought
into A register first).
• No other register can be used for these operations. Certain instructions
like DAA are performed using only accumulator.
• So, many times the Accumulator register is treated as a default register.
• Accumulator is a 8-bit default register
but it is not bit addressable,
it is always byte addressable
contd
• For Ex: add A,B ; It means the contents of B register are added to
A register and the result is placed in A only.
• RLC ; Rotate Accumulator left by one bit and the result is again
stored in A only.
• Like this many of the 8085 instructions are accumulator based
instructions. This is the architectural feature of CISC processor.
Temporary register
• This is an 8-bit register which is not accessible to the user.
• This register is used by the microprocessor to load the second operand during
arithmetic/logical operations in ALU.
• The final result is stored in the Accumulator and the flags are set or reset
according to the result of the operation.
• For example when MVI M, 17H instruction is fetched, IR register will receive
the opcode for MVI M and the Temporary register will receive 17H.
• In arithmetic and logical operations, that involves two operands ,the
accumulator provides one operand.
• The other is provided by the temporary register.
• For example in ADD C instruction, C register contents are moved to the
Temp. Register and the addition of A and Temp. Register contents is performed
by the ALU.
Flag Register
• The flag register is an 8- bit register which generally reflect data
conditions in the accumulator with certain exceptions.
• Hence this flag register is also known as Status register. Though this
flag register is an eight bit register.
• It contains only 5 flag bits and the remaining three bits are undefined
as shown in Fig below.
• In the Flag register each flag bit is a Flip-Flop. i.e., the bit may be
either in the flip state or flop state.
S - Sign Flag
After execution of an arithmetic and logic operation, if bit D 7 of the
result is 1, the sign flag is set.This Flag is used with signed numbers.
contd
• For example in a given byte, if D7 is 1, the number is treated as a
negative number. Else (if it is zero), it is viewed as a positive.
• In arithmetic operations with signed numbers bit D 7is reserved for
indicating the sign and the remaining seven bits are used to denote
the magnitude of the number.
Z - Zero Flag
• This Flag is set (made 1) if the result after any arithmetic operation is
zero, and the flag is reset (made 0) if the result is not zero.
• So, this flag is set or reset based on the results in the accumulator as well
as in the other registers.
• For Ex: sub A,B wen A = 0101 and B = 0101
• After execution of the instruction the result is zero. So, the zero flag bit is
set to 1.(Set).
• Similarly add A,B .The result is 1010 . As the result is not zero. The Z
flag is reset .
• The most important use of this flag is ,it is widely used with jump
instructions.
• Ex: Jnz : Jump on no zero ;JZ : Jump on zero
AUXIALLARY CARRY(A.C)
• In this arithmetic operation, when a carry is generated by third bit and
passed on to bit 4 , the AC flag is set.
• This flag is used internally for BCD arithmetic and is not available
for the programmer to change the sequence of a program with a jump
instruction.
• But the Z and CY flags can be used for the conditional jump
purpose.
Ex: Let us consider two BCD(Binary Coded Decimal) numbers.
A=10011001 B = 01101000
add A,B ; after execution of the instruction
AC flag is set to 1
P-Parity Flag
• If the result after an arithmetic and logical operation has an even
number of 1s, this parity flag is set to 1 otherwise (if number of 1s is
odd) the flag is reset (made0).
For example the data byte 10111101 has even parity and the data byte
10011011 has odd parity. So P bit=0.
• This flag bit is also combined with jump instrctions.
• JP : Jump on Parity (when parity bit is set ,jump to the target oacation
else to the next location)
• JNP :Jump on no parity (when parity bit is reset ,jump to the target
oacation else to the next location)
Carry flag -CY
• After an arithmetic operation, like addition, subtraction if there exists a
carry or barrow, this flag CY is set to 1 else it is reset (made0)
Example : Let us consider the addition of two binary numbers 11011001
and 11101101 and check the Flag register.
• When this instruction is executed there is a carry bit at the MSB.
So, the Carry flag is set 1 otherwise it s set to 0.
• This carry flag is also associated with jump instructions frequently.
• JC :Jump on carry
• JNC : Jump on No Carry
