ATOM

ATOM
Fundamental building blocks of matter Smallest particle
of an element Neutral charged
MOLECULES
Group of atoms bonded together Smallest particle of a
compound
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELEMENT COMPOUND
A pure chemical Composed of two or
substance more elements
Distinguish by its Z chemically linked
(number of protons) Examples:
Examples: H2O
W 74 BaSO4
Ba 56
TAKENOTE!!!
112 identified
92 naturally occurring
20 artificially produced
Greek Atom
The Greeks used the term atom, meaning “indivisible”
[a (not) + temon (cut)] to describe the smallest part of
the four substances of matter.
Scientists at that time thought that all matter was
composed of four substances: earth, water, air, and
fire. According to them, all matter could be described
as combinations of these four basic substances in
various proportions, modified by four basic essences:
wet, dry, hot, and cold.
Medeval Atom

AIR FIRE

WATER EARTH
Representation of the substances and essences of
matter as viewed by the ancient Greeks.
Dalton Atom
It was not until the 19 th century that the foundation for
modern atomic theory was laid. In 1808 John Dalton, an
English schoolteacher, published a book summarizing his
experiments, which showed that the elements could be
classified according to integral values of atomic mass.
an element was composed of identical atoms that reacted the
same way chemically
They looked alike, they were constructed alike, and they
reacted alike. They were, however, very different from atoms
of any other element.
The physical combination of one type of atom with another
was visualized as being an eye and- hook affair
Periodic table of element
Some 50 years after Dalton’s work, a Russian scholar,
Dmitri Mendeleev, showed that if the elements were
arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, a periodic
repetition of similar chemical properties occurred. At
that time, about 65 elements had been identified.
Mendeleev’s work resulted in the first periodic table
of the elements.
In the late 1890s while investigating the physical
properties of cathode rays (electrons), J.J. Thomson
concluded that electrons were an integral part of all
atoms.
He described the atom as looking something like a
plum pudding, in which the plums represented
negative electric charges (electrons) and the pudding
was a shapeless mass of uniform positive
electrification
The number of electrons was thought to equal the
quantity of positive electrification because the atom
was known to be electrically neutral.
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford in 1911 disproved Thomson’s model
of the atom. Rutherford introduced the nuclear model,
which described the atom as containing a small, dense,
positively charged center surrounded by a negative
cloud of electrons. He called the center of the atom the
nucleus.
RUTHERFORD ATOM

ERNEST
RUTHERFORD

“NUCLEAR MODEL”

“ALPHA SCATTERING
EXPERIMENT”
Bohr Atom
In 1913 Niels Bohr improved Rutherford’s description
of the atom. Bohr’s model was a miniature solar
system in which the electrons revolved about the
nucleus in prescribed orbits or energy levels.
Bohr atom contains a small, dense, positively charged
nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
that revolve in fixed, well-defined orbits about the
nucleus. In the normal atom the number of electrons is
equal to the number of positive charges in the nucleus.
2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM
2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM

NUCLEUS
Central core of an atom
Contains nucleon
Contains nearly all mass
of the atom
Positively charged
2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM

• ORBITAL SHELL
• NUCLEUS
The fundamental particles of an atom
Electron
 Proton
Neutron
 3 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON

LOCATION Orbital shell Nucleus Nucleus

MASS Lightest - Heaviest

Negative Positive Neutral

CHARGED
-1 +1 0

DISCOVERED John Joseph Ernest

James Chadwick
BY Thomson Rutherford
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC MASS
UNIT NUMBER (A)
The mass of a neutral Used when precession is
atom of an element not required
Expresses the mass of the # of protons + # of
atom neutrons in the nucleus
Symbol: amu Symbol: A
1 amu = ½ the mass of Formula: protons +
carbon-12 atom neutrons
ATOMIC NOMENCLATURE
Number protons plus
number of neutrons
ATOMIC MASS Symbol: A
NUMBER  
 ATOMIC NOMENCLATURE
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
The alphabetic
abbreviations of an element

ATOMIC NUMBER
Number of Protons
Symbol: Z
2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM

NUCLEUS
Central core of an atom
Contains nucleon
Contains nearly all mass
of the atom
Positively charged
 2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM

ORBITAL SHELL
Composed of electrons
7 shells: K, L, M, N, O, P,
Q
Each shell represents
different electron binding
energy (Eb)
 3 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON

LOCATION Orbital shell Nucleus Nucleus

MASS Lightest - Heaviest

Negative Positive Neutral

CHARGED

-1 +1 0

DISCOVERED BY John Joseph Thomson Ernest Rutherford James Chadwick

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS (outermost shell of an
atom)
= GROUP in the periodic table
= determines the VALENCE of an atom

NUMBER OF OUTERMOST ELECTRON

SHELL
= PERIOD in the periodic table
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

MAXIMUM ELECTRONS PER SHELL

Formula: 2n2
n = shell number (principal quantum number)
OCTET RULE
TWO FORCES ACTING ON AN
ELECTRON
Centripetal Force
 Center-seeking force
 The force that keeps an
electron in orbit

Centrifugal Force
 Flying-out-from-the-
center force
 The force that causes an
electron to travel straight
and leave the atom
TWO FORCES ACTING ON
NUCLEUS

NUCLEON BINDING
REPULSIVE FORCE FORCE

Occurs between Holds an atomic

the protons nucleus together due
to neutron
 ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY
The strength of attachment of an electron to the
nucleus
Symbol: Eb
The energy required to completely remove an
electron from an atom
The closer to the nucleus, the higher the Eb
Inner shell: higher/larger Eb
Outer shell: lower/smaller Eb
BASIC FORCES IN
NATURE
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

MEANING ATTRACT/REPEL EXPRESSED BY

Acts in a MASS
GRAVITATIONAL through an associated
Attract only Newton’s Law
FORCE GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD

Acts in a CHARGE
ELECTROSTATIC
through an associated Attract & repel Coulomb’s Law
FORCE
ELECTRIC FIELD

Acts in a POLE
MAGNETIC through an associated
Attract & repel Gauss’s Law
FORCE MAGNETIC FIELD
 TYPE DESCRIPTION
Binds earth to
Gravitational
the sun
Involved in
radioactive
decay and in
Weak
nuclear reactions
that fuel the sun
and stars
Responsible for
the repulsion of
Electromagnetic like and the
attraction of
unlike charges
Binds protons
Strong and neutrons in
 FIELDS

The interactions among different

FIELD energies, forces or masses

It governs the interaction of

Gravitational Field different MASSES

It governs the interactions of

Electric Field electrostatic CHARGES

It governs the interactions of

Magnetic Field magnetic POLES