Modern merchant vessel types
By: Daniela Vergel, María Jose Vega, Yenily Atencio, José Zambrano
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Are ships that are primarily used either for
carrying cargo or passengers. Basically, the
ships that are engaged in active commercial
Merchant vessels transportation fall in this category. The navy
ships or pleasure craft that don’t charge
passengers are excluded from the category of
Merchant vessels can be merchant vessels.
divided into different Merchant vessels come in different sizes and
shapes. It can be as small as a 6 m (20 ft) long
categories according to diving boat, or as big as ultra large crude
their size and purpose. carriers (ULCC) that can be up to 415 m
(1,361 ft) long.
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Types of Merchant Vessels .
Dry cargo ship
Is a term generally used for bulk
carriers and container ships. While bulk
carriers are used in the transportation of
bulk cargo such as grains, coal, ores and
cement, container ships are normally used
for carrying miscellaneous goods.
Título de la presentación 4
Bulk Carrier
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Bulk carrier
As the name suggests, a bulk carrier is primarily Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built
used in carrying unpackaged bulk cargo items in 1852, economic forces have led to continued
including grains, ores, cement and other similar development of these ships, resulting in
cargo. They comprise of 40% of the merchant increased size and sophistication. Today's bulk
fleets in the world. They can be categorised in carriers are specially designed to maximize
six major categories according to their size. capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.
The categories include
Small, Handysize, Handymax, Panamax, Capesi
ze and Very Large. Their size can range from a
small mini-bulker to giant ships with a capacity
of 400,000 dead weight tonnage (DWT). South
Korea is the largest builder of bulk carriers in
the world.
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Bulk carries categories:
Handysize: Handymax and Supramax:
Refers to a dry bulk carrier or an oil Are bulk carriers with a capacity less
tanker with a capacity between 15,000 than 60,000 dwt. A Handymax vessel
and 35,000 DWT. Sometimes they are typically has a capacity between 35,000
used to refer vessels with dwt of up to and 50,000 DWT, while Supramax
60,000, this vessels are relatively bigger in size with
including Handymax and Supramax ves 50,000 to 60,000 DWT. Modern
sels under its category. These vessels also handymax designs are typically 52,000-
have shallower draught in comparison 58,000 DWT in size. Though these
to bulkers are primarily used for carrying
larger Supramax, Panamax and Chinam dry cargo such as iron ore, coal, cement,
ax finished steel, fertilizer, and grains
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Capesize:
Are large-sized bulk carriers and tankers
typically above 150,000 deadweight tonnage
(DWT). They are much bigger than
Panamax and Suezmax vessels both in terms
of draught size and DWT. Capesize ships are
commonly used in transportation of coal,
iron ore and commodity raw materials.
Because of this fact, they are often termed as
bulk carriers rather than tankers.
VLCC or Very Large Crude Carriers and ULCC:
Or Ultra Large Crude Carriers are the largest
operating cargo vessels in the world. With a size in
excess of 250,000 Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT),
these giant ships are capable of carrying huge
amount of crude oil in a single trip. They are
capable of passing through the Suez Canal in
Egypt, and as a result are used extensively around
the North Sea, Mediterranean and West Africa.
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Panamax and
new panamax
Panamax are the mid-sized cargo ships that are
capable of passing through the lock chambers of
the Panama Canal which are 1,050 ft (320.04 m)
in length, 110 ft (33.53 m) in width, and 41.2 ft
(12.56 m) in depth. These limits have influenced
the ship building companies to build Panamax
vessels strictly in accordance with the
dimensions (width, length and depth) of the lock
chambers and the height of the Bridge of the
Americas. New Panamax ships will have a
dimension of 366 m (1,200 ft ) in length, 49 m t
(160.7 ft) in width and 15.2 m (49.9 ft) in depth.
They have been designed strictly in accordance
with the dimensions of new locks at the Panama
Canal.
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Container ships
Are ocean vessels that carry goods in
large containers, a technique called
containerisation. They can be divided
into several categories according to
their size. Main categories of
container ships include such as feeder,
feedermax, Panamax, new Panamax,
and ultra large. They play a dominant
role in international trade.
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Container ship size categories
Ultra Large Container Vessel (ULCV):
Capacity (TEU): 14,501 and higher
Length:1,200 ft (366 m) and longer
Beam: 160.7 ft (49 m) and wider
Draft: 49.9 ft (15.2 m) and deeper
With a length of 400 m, a width of 59 m, draft of 14.5 m, and a capacity of 18,270 TEU, ships of the
Maersk Triple E class are able to transit the Suez canal.
New Panamax (or Neopanamax)
Capacity (TEU): 10,000–14,500
Length:1,200 ft (366 m)
Beam: 160.7 ft (49 m)
Draft: 49.9 ft (15.2 m)
With a beam of 43 m, ships of the COSCO Guangzhou class are much too big to fit through the
Panama Canal's old locks, but could easily fit through the new expansion.
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Panamax
Capacity (TEU):3,001–5,100
Length: 965 ft (294.13 m)
Beam: 106 ft (32.31 m)
Draft: 39.5 ft (12.04 m)
Ships of the Bay class are at the upper limit of the Panamax class, with an overall
length of 292.15 m, beam of 32.2m, and maximum depth of 13.3 m
Feedermax
Capacity (TEU):2,001–3,000
Feeder
Capacity (TEU):1,001–2,000
Small feeder
Capacity (TEU):Up to 1,000
Container ships under 3,000 TEU are typically called feeders. In some areas of the
world, they might be outfitted with cargo cranes.
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Tanker Ship
Tankers are used for transporting crude oil,
finished petroleum products, liquefied
natural gas (LNG), chemicals and other
liquids in bulk. They play an important role
in international trade with a share of over
33% of the world tonnage. Tankers come in
varied sizes ranging from handysize tankers
to ultra large crude carriers (ULCC) with a
size ranging between 320,000 to 500,000
DWT.
A wide range of products are carried by
tankers, including:
• hydrocarbon products such as oil, LPG,
and LNG
• Chemicals, such as ammonia, chlorine,
and styrene monomer
• fresh water
• wine
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Types of Tanker ship
Shuttle Tanker: They are specially specialized
that continuously repeat the round trip, from
well (offshore facility), to the onshore refinery
where the crude is discharged for treatment. Its
size is not excessively large 80,000 to 200,000
TPM, but it has great maneuverability,
dynamic positioning and equipment to carry
out the loading of crude oil at sea.
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Coasters
• Coaster are smaller ships for any category
of cargo which are normally not on ocean-
crossing routes, but in coastwise trades.
Coasters are shallow-hulled ships used for
trade between locations on the same island
or continent. Their shallow hulls mean that
they can get through reefs where seagoing
ships usually cannot (seagoing ships have a
very deep hull for supplies and trade etc.).
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General Purpose Tanker : They
Coastal Tanker: range from 16,500 to 25,000
They are vessels of up to 16,500 TPM, they operate in various
TPM used on short voyages. traffics
Handy Size Tanker: These are ships
of 25,000 to 45,000 TPM, examples of
areas of operation are the Caribbean,
the East Coast of the United States,
the Mediterranean and Northern
Europe. 16
Panamax: With tonnages U.L.C.C. (Ultra Large Crude
between 55,000 and 80,000 Carrier):
TPM. Its name is due to They are all those whose load
the fact that originally the
capacity exceeds 320,000 TPM.
dimensions of these ships
complied with the These supertankers appeared
maximum allowed for their on the market in the late 1960s.
transit through the Due to their large size they are
Panama Canal (274 meters very limited to operate in
long, 32 m wide and 13 m restricted waters.
deep).
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Suezmax: Its modules range from 120,000 to
V.L.C.C. (Very Large Crude Carrier): With 200,000 TPM. Originally, its name was linked to
dead weights from 200,000 to 320,000 TPM. the fact that the module with its highest load
Due to their dimensions, they are ships that complied with the maximum dimensions allowed
generally operate in offshore terminals. for transit through the Suez Canal, although today
ships of up to 300,000 TPM navigate this channel.
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Passenger ships
As the name suggests, passenger ships are primarily used for carrying passengers. It
also includes cruise ships that are mainly used for pleasure voyages. A passenger
ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category does not
include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of
passengers, such as the formerly ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters in which
the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does
however include many classes of ships which are designed to transport substantial
numbers of passengers as well as freight.
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Categorization Of Passenger Ships
The passenger ships are broadly categorised in two
classes namely: Ferry and Cruise Ships.
Ferry ships Cruise Ships
Are those vessels which are used to Large vessels equipped with all luxury
transit voyagers on short-natured water and necessary amenities, used for
travel routes. Ferry ships can be dual in transportation and destination
nature that is, either they can be vessels vacations are referred to as Cruise
are only used for the purposes of Ships or generally cruises. These vessels
transporting passengers or they can be are opted for long distance travel and
ships that can also carry the vehicular bring the opportunity of international
load along with the intake of voyagers. trade to the country.
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Cruise ships are further subdivided on the basis of
size into:
• Large cruise ships: Large cruise ships are the ships with
larger voyager carrying capacities.
• Small Cruise ships: Small cruise are the ships with smaller
voyager carrying capacities.
• Liners: These are the special sort of large cruises, equipped
with best facilities. These look more or less like floating
cities.
• Special Cruise ships: These are the ships which are
designed for a special destination. For example cruise ships
for visiting Antarctica region.
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Offshore vessels
Offshore vessels are ships that specifically
serve operational purposes such as oil
exploration and construction work at the
high seas. There are a variety of offshore
vessels, which not only help in
exploration and drilling of oil but also for
providing necessary supplies to the
excavation and construction units located
at the high seas.
Offshore ships also provide the transiting
and relieving of crewing personnel to and
from the high seas’ operational arenas, as
and when necessitated.
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RO-RO Vessels
Types of RORO vessels include
ferries, cruiseferries, cargo ships,
barges, and RoRo service for air
deliveries. New automobiles that are
transported by ship are often moved
on a large type of RORO called a
pure car carrier (PCC) or pure
car/truck carrier (PCTC).
Elsewhere in the shipping industry,
cargo is normally measured by the
metric tonne, but RORO cargo is
typically measured in lanes in metres
(LIMs).
Other purpose vessels
Special vessels
Tugboat
A tug is a vessel to assist
the maneuvering of other
vessels, mainly pulling or
pushing boats.
Large vessels are towed by
sea-going tugs or harbour
tugs.
Tugboat engines are
typically rated at between
400 and 20,000
horsepower.
Heavy-lift vessels
A heavy-lift ship is • Semi-submersible ships that take on
a vessel designed to move very
water ballast to allow the load—
large loads that cannot be handled
usually another vessel—to be floated
by normal ships. They can lift the
over the deck, where upon the ballast
cargo with her heavy derricks. They
is thrown off and the ship's deck and
are of two types of heavy-lift
cargo raised above the waterline.
vessels.: • Project cargo ships that use at least
one heavy-lift crane for handling
heavy cargo and sufficient ballast to
assure stability and sea-keeping
properties
Salvage vessel
They are boats that intervene with
their respective rescue and rescue
teams when a boat needs help.
A salvage vessel has been equipped
with heavy derricks to lift wrecks
from the seabed.
Dredger
A ship equipped with excavation tool
which is capable of weeding off
depositions such as sand, gravel,
sediments, etc. from the seabed is
referred as dredger ship or more
commonly a dredger.
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Supply vessel
Isa ship specially designed to supply offshore oil
and gas platforms. The primary function for most of
these vessels is logistic support and transportation of
goods, tools, equipment and personnel to and from
offshore oil platforms and other offshore structures.
The wheelhouse and funnel are forward. Supplies
for oil rigs are carried on the aft deck.
Ice breaker
An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to
move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide
safe waterways for other boats and ships.
Ice breakers are equipped with powerful engines and must have
strengthened stems.
Pilot launch Buoyage vessel
A pilot boat is a type of boat used to A buoyage vessel places and maintain
transport maritime pilots between buoys.
land and the inbound or outbound The buoy is a floating beacon located
ships that they are piloting. in a river or in the sea and generally
They are high-powered and hence anchored to the bottom, which can
have various purposes, mainly for the
both very quick and durable orientation of boats and signaling of
purpose-built boats. They are submerged objects.
normally painted a highly visible
colour such as orange, red or yellow.
Fire float Survey vessel
It is a type of research vessel. A survey vessel
A fireboat or fire float is a specialized watercraft
performs resear h into nautical matters, such
with pumps and nozzles designed for fighting as depths, seabed conditions, positions of
shoreline and shipboard fires. A fire float is a fire- wrecks, etc. It’swidely used for mapping.
fighting vessel. They are frequently used for fighting Typically, modern survey vessels are equipped
fires on docks and shore side warehouses as they can with one or more of the following equipment:
directly attack fires in the supporting underpinnings GPS positioning and logging, single beam
of these structures. sonar, multibeam sonar, Side-scan sonar,
subsurface profiler, grab sampler, etc.
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SAR-Vessel
Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and
provision of aid to people who are in distress or
imminent danger. In cases of distress a SAR-
Vessel performs a search and rescue operations.
Man-of-war or warships
A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is built and
primarily intended for naval warfare. Usually they belong to
the armed forces of a state. Man-of-war are measured by
weight, unlike merchant vessels, which are measured by
volume.
Depending on the type of ship these are equipped with: light
guns and torpedo tubes, anti-submarine and anti-aircraft
weapons equipment, among others.
Fishing vessels
A fishing vessel is a boat or ship
used to catch fish in the sea, or
on a lake or river. Many
different kinds of vessels are
used in commercial, artisanal
and recreational fishing.
They are equipped with fishing
cranes, and in some cases with
trawls to catch large volumes of
fish.
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River vessels
River boats, which can be made of wood or metal depending on the size and design,
in these loads of greater tonnage and large number of passengers (between 20 or
100 passengers) are transported, are designed for multi-day voyages, so they count
with kitchen, toilets, recreation area, cabins and cargo hold, with a crew for service
on board. Merchant ships are divided into passenger ships, freighters, and tankers.
Freighters Container ships
Freighters transport Container ships caused a
packaged goods and technological change in cargo
others such as cereals, handling and linked the rail and
minerals, and liquids road transport industry with
ocean shipping. These highly
such as latex or edible specialized ships can unload and
oils. Some freighters load in a single day, compared to
accept a small number of the 10 days required for a
passengers. conventional ship
Tankers are specifically designed to carry liquid
cargoes, usually oil. Other specialized tankers carry
Tankers liquefied natural gas, liquid chemicals, wine,
molasses, or refrigerated products.
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20XX
THANKS
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