The document discusses various types of water impurities such as turbidity, microorganisms, organic substances, and dissolved minerals. It then provides details on concepts like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity, and different types of hardness. The document also describes various water treatment processes and equipment like filtration, clarification, de-aeration, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. It discusses pretreatment requirements for reverse osmosis and provides an overview of a typical reverse osmosis treatment scheme.
The document discusses various types of water impurities such as turbidity, microorganisms, organic substances, and dissolved minerals. It then provides details on concepts like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity, and different types of hardness. The document also describes various water treatment processes and equipment like filtration, clarification, de-aeration, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. It discusses pretreatment requirements for reverse osmosis and provides an overview of a typical reverse osmosis treatment scheme.
The document discusses various types of water impurities such as turbidity, microorganisms, organic substances, and dissolved minerals. It then provides details on concepts like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity, and different types of hardness. The document also describes various water treatment processes and equipment like filtration, clarification, de-aeration, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. It discusses pretreatment requirements for reverse osmosis and provides an overview of a typical reverse osmosis treatment scheme.
The document discusses various types of water impurities such as turbidity, microorganisms, organic substances, and dissolved minerals. It then provides details on concepts like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity, and different types of hardness. The document also describes various water treatment processes and equipment like filtration, clarification, de-aeration, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. It discusses pretreatment requirements for reverse osmosis and provides an overview of a typical reverse osmosis treatment scheme.
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Water Impurities
• Turbidity
• Microorganism
• Organic substances
• Alkalinity
• Magnesium & calcium
• Chlorides and sulphates
• Iron/silica etc TSS Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are solids in water that can be trapped by a filter.
TSS can include a wide variety of
material, such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage. High concentrations of suspended solids can cause many problems for stream health and aquatic life. TDS
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro- granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. Hardness Hard water is water that has high mineral content .
Hard water is formed when water
percolates through deposits of limestone and chalk which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
In domestic settings, hard water is
often indicated by a lack of lather formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of lime scale in kettles and water heaters. TYPES OF HARD WATER TEMPORARY HARDNESS
• Combination of calcium ions and bicarbonate ions in water
• Can be removed by boiling water or by addition of lime PERMANENT HARDNESS
•Caused by presence of calcium and magnesium sulfates and/or chlorides. Cannot be removed by boiling. •Removed using a water softener/ ion exchanger
TYPICAL VALUES: SOFT 70 - 140 ppm SLIGHTLY HARD 140 - 210 ppm MODERATELY HARD 210 - 320 ppm HARD 320 - 530 PPM Carbonate Hardness
• Often called "temporary hardness"
because heating the water will remove it. When the water is heated, the insoluble carbonates will precipitate and tend to form bottom deposits in water heaters.
• Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with HCO3-, CO32-
• CH = TH or Total alkalinity, whichever is less Non-Carbonate Hardness
• Called permanent hardness because it
is not removed when the water is heated. It is much more expensive to remove non-carbonate hardness than carbonate hardness.
• Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with other ions,
Cl-, NO3-, SO42- Conductivity
Therefore conductivity is used to measure the
concentration of dissolved solids which have been ionized in a polar solution such as water. The unit of measurement commonly used is one millionth of a Siemen per centimeter (micro-Siemens per centimeter or µS/cm).
It is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity
(ohms). Hardness Units
• milligrams per liter (mg/L) as calcium carbonate (most common)
• parts per million (ppm) as calcium carbonate • grains per gallon of hardness (to convert from grains per gallon to mg/L, multiply by 17.1) • equivalents/liter (eq/L) TREATMENT PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT
• AERATION
• CLARIFICATION
• DE-AERATION
• DE-ALKALIZING
• DISTILLATION
• FILTRATION i. DEEP BED SAND FILTRATION ii.ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER FILTRATION • Oldest water treatment process (cloth filters) • Removes suspended solids, colloidal matter (flocculate, iron oxide etc.) • Typically a bed of sand or anthracite or both • Water flows through bed either by gravity or by pressure • Material collects on top of bed and as thickness increases, has to be removed • Material removed by backwashing with water flow reversed. • Often scouring with air carried out. Filtration vs Purification • Water Filtration: • Removal of suspended solids in water • Media Filters, Ultra/Micro-Filtration, Cartridge filtration
• Water Purification: • Removal of dissolved ions in water • Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration Normal Filtration
Ions and particles Used in: cartridge filters, dual media filters, etc. Cross Flow Filtration
Feed Concentrate
Ions Only Permeate Used in: Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, Micro/Ultra filtration Filtration Classifications Elements of Membrane Separation A number of membrane-based desalination processes are used on industrial scale. the membrane-based processes include Reverse osmosis, Nano-filtration, Ultrafiltration, and Microfiltration.
16 Differences among membranes
• Microfiltration operates on a • Nanofiltration operates on a
particle size range of 0.10 µm to particle size range of 5xl0-2 µm to 0.15 µm. 5x10-3 µm
• Ultrafiltration operates on a • Reverse osmosis operates on a
particle size range of 0.15 µm to particle size range of 5xl0-3 µm to 5xl0-2 µm 10-4 µm.
17 Spiral Wound Membrane Element Basics
• Microfiltration - 1.0 to 0.05 micron
• Ultrafiltration - 0.1 to 0.005 micron • Nanofiltration - 0.008 to 0.001 micron • Reverse Osmosis - 0.001 to 0.0002 micron Separation spectrum of pressure-driven membrane processes
19 Membrane Treatment Reverse Osmosis Salt Reduction Particle and Microbial Filtration
Nanofiltration Some Salt Reduction Particle and Microbial Filtration THM Precursor removal
Micro/Ultrafiltration Particle and Microbial Filtration THM Precursor Removal Typical Recoveries
• Recovery = Permeate Flow / Feed Flow
• RO 65-85% • NF 80-90% • UF 80-95%
No System can operate effectively at 100% recovery
Microfiltration & RO Membranes
• Microfiltration Membrane RO Membrane
• Scale = 0.2 micron filter, 8000 x magnification Scale = Non-porous, 8000 x Magnification Osmosis Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi- permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
23 RO- Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis, commonly referred to as RO, is a process where you demineralize or deionize water by pushing it under pressure through a semi-permeable
24 RO Basics
• Feed - the solution which enters the
RO system after the pre-treatment Membrane equipment
• Permeate - the solution which passes PERMEATE
FEED through the semi-permeable membrane
• Concentrate - the solution which does
not pass through the semi-permeable CONCENTRATE membrane and is rejected Reverse osmosis • Two main type of membranes CTA (CELLULOSE TRI ACETATE) Chlorine resistant
TFC (THIN FILM COMPOSITE - POLYMERS)
Superior flow & rejection rates • Material that can foul the membrane must be removed
SUSPENDED SOLID ETC. Filtration/clarification
BIOLOGICAL FOULING Chlorinate and then de-Chlorinate with activated
carbon etc. To prevent membrane damage
SCALE FORMING SALTS DOSING CHEMICALS
Reverse Osmosis
Recovery Ratio (RR), A parameter of practical interest in water treatment processes
27 Treatment Scheme • To increase the efficiency and life of reverse osmosis system, effective pretreatment of the feed water is required. • Pretreatment is suggested to control following parameters in RO module. To remove Suspended Solids To avoid Scaling of dissolved salts Biological Fouling
• To control the above rated parameters following systems are available at RO Plant. Filtration System: •The suspended solids area usually removed from raw water through sand filters. •Two filters with backwashing systems have been
provided.
Biocide Dosing System:
•Biocide Dosing is done to avoid growth of biological
Species. in membranes. Anti-Scalant Dosing System:
•Scale inhibitor also known as antiscalant is used to
control carbonate, sulfate and calcium Flouride scaling.
•It remove the adhesion forces of scale forming
agents.
•To prevent from scaling antiscalant in feed stream
2. Salt rejection 3. Permeate recovery Membrane manufacturing companies define system specifications in terms of the feed quality, which includes salinity and temperature Operating pressure Operating pressure is adjusted to overcome the adverse effects of the following: - Osmotic pressure - Friction losses - Membrane resistance If the operating pressure is set equal to the sum of the above resistances the net permeate flow rate across the membrane would be minimal or equal to zero; therefore, the operating pressure is set at higher value in order to maintain economical permeate flow rate.
33 Features of the RO Membranes The membranes are formed of thin film of polymeric material several thousand Angstroms thick cast on polymeric porous material.
Commercial membranes have high water permeability and a high degree of semi- permeability.
The membrane must be stable over a wide range of pH and temperature, and have good mechanical integrity.
The life of commercial membranes varies between 3-5 years.
This depends on the feed water quality, pretreatment conditions, and stability of operation.
34 Basic Definitions • Recovery - ratio of permeate flow to feed flow, expressed as a percentage
• Machine Recovery - ratio of permeate flow to the feed flow of the
RO machine, expressed as a percentage
• Element Recovery - ratio of permeate flow to the feed flow of an
individual element within a machine, expressed as a percentage
• Rejection - percentage of dissolved solids in the feed rejected by the
membrane that remain in the concentrate stream
• Passage - inverse of rejection, percentage of dissolved solids in the
feed that pass through the membrane in the permeate stream Basic Definitions • Bank/Stage – A group of housings for which the water flow split between and is the same direction – 3:2:1 banking. • Pass – Refers to the RO machine itself. Typically used when referring to more than 1 machine – 1 pass vs 2 pass system • Recycle – The component of the concentrate stream that is returned to the feed stream. • Pressure Drop – The difference between primary and final pressure. • Conductivity – The measure of water ionic purity measured by the resistance to conduct electricity. • Auto flush or fast forward flush – A periodic increase in the amount of feed water moving across the membrane surface, designed to sweep away deposits. R/O : Flow Streams
SIMPLIFIED R/O CONFIGURATION
PRESSURE VESSEL
FEED PRODUCT / WATER HIGH PERMEATE PRESS. PUMP SEMI- REGULATING PERMEABLE VALVE MEMBRANE REJECT / BRINE Recovery Rate, %
Permeate Flow % Recovery = x 100 Feed Flow
Recovery is the amount of flow left after
discarding the reject water. Salt Passage, %
Permeate TDS % Salt Passage = x 100 Feed TDS
The percentage of Feed TDS that passes
through the membrane. Salt Rejection, %
Permeate TDS % Rejection = 1 - x 100 Feed TDS
The percentage of Feed TDS that does not
pass through the membrane. Machine Recovery • Ratio of permeate flow to feed flow in a crossflow filtration machine. • % Recovery = (permeate flow ÷ feed flow) * 100% • Example: (100 gpm ÷ 125 gpm) * 100 = 80%
Feed Permeate
Concentrate Membrane Flux Definition How much permeate produced per square foot of membrane. Defined as Gallons per sq ft. per day (GFD).
Typically elements are run at 12 – 22 GFD.
Typical areas: 4” element = 95 ft2 8” element = 370 - 400 ft2 Temperature Effects: • All elements typically rated for flow rates at a standard temperature: 25 deg. C • As temperature decreases, water viscosity increases and membrane flux rates decrease. • As temperature increases, water viscosity decreases and membrane flux rates increase. • Rejection rates and fouling potential can change depending on temperature. PREDICTION OF SCALE FORMATION AND CORROSION TENDENCY
