This document discusses productivity index and methods to increase oil production rates from vertical wells. It provides equations to calculate production rates based on reservoir properties like permeability, thickness, pressure, and wellbore radius. It also discusses how reducing wellbore skin factor or bottomhole pressure through techniques like acidizing can increase rates by 50% or more. The average reservoir pressure is calculated using the areal extent of the drainage area. The ratio of production rates decreases as reservoir pressure declines over time.
This document discusses productivity index and methods to increase oil production rates from vertical wells. It provides equations to calculate production rates based on reservoir properties like permeability, thickness, pressure, and wellbore radius. It also discusses how reducing wellbore skin factor or bottomhole pressure through techniques like acidizing can increase rates by 50% or more. The average reservoir pressure is calculated using the areal extent of the drainage area. The ratio of production rates decreases as reservoir pressure declines over time.
This document discusses productivity index and methods to increase oil production rates from vertical wells. It provides equations to calculate production rates based on reservoir properties like permeability, thickness, pressure, and wellbore radius. It also discusses how reducing wellbore skin factor or bottomhole pressure through techniques like acidizing can increase rates by 50% or more. The average reservoir pressure is calculated using the areal extent of the drainage area. The ratio of production rates decreases as reservoir pressure declines over time.
This document discusses productivity index and methods to increase oil production rates from vertical wells. It provides equations to calculate production rates based on reservoir properties like permeability, thickness, pressure, and wellbore radius. It also discusses how reducing wellbore skin factor or bottomhole pressure through techniques like acidizing can increase rates by 50% or more. The average reservoir pressure is calculated using the areal extent of the drainage area. The ratio of production rates decreases as reservoir pressure declines over time.
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PENG 219 – Production
Engineering Vahid Atashbari Fall 2019
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The Main Emphasis in this Section
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Exercise#01 • is vertical well in a reservoir with below properties, which has a drainage There radius (re) of 2980 ft, which is producing at steady state. The reservoir has an outer boundary pressure equal to 5651 psi (constant). Calculate production rate if the flowing bottomhole pressure is equal to 4500 psi. 𝑠𝑐 = 𝑞 h𝑘𝐻 ( 𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑟𝑒 [ ( ) ] 141.2 𝐵 𝜇 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑤 +𝑠
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Solution •
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Exercise#01 • Describe two mechanisms to increase the flow rate by 50%, for the same well. Show calculations.
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Solution
Find parameters that we can control them in the following equation:
Solution • To increase the production rate, we can think of three options: • • Either to increase pressure drawdown . The gradient can increase by reducing the bottomhole pressure,
• Or decrease skin factor
• Or change the wellbore radius
Other parameters are the reservoir’s inherent properties and therefore, out of our control.
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Solution •1- by bottomhole pressure
So, if we drop the bottomhole pressure (using choke) from 4500 psi to 3925 psi, we can expect 50% flow rate enhancement.
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Solution •2- by skin factor
So, if we reduce the skin factor (using acidizing or hydraulic fracing) from 10 to 3.6, we can expect 50% flow rate enhancement.
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Solution •3- by well radius
That is impossible !
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Effective Wellbore Radius
The effective wellbore radius r’w can be derived from a simple rearrangement of the above equation
=>
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Effective Wellbore Radius
This is an interesting finding. In a damaged well, with, for example,
• s = 10, the reservoir drains into a well with an effective radius equal to 4.5 × 10–5 rw.
• Conversely, in a stimulated well with, for example, s = –2 (acidized well),
the effective wellbore radius is 7.4rw; and
• if s = –6 (for a fractured well), then the effective wellbore radius is 402rw.
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Pseudo-steady state For pseudo-steady state flow, the following equation gives pressure at any point r in the reservoir:.
At r=re, this one relates flow rate to reservoir pressure at outer boundary.
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Pseudo-steady state As mentioned before, in pseudo-steady condition, pe changes by time, • it is not feasible to obtain this pressure over time. Therefore, it should be replaced by average reservoir pressure, , that can be obtained using periodic pressure transient analysis.
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Pseudo-steady state
and since dV = 2πrhϕ dr, the former equation becomes
=>
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Areal Extent and Reservoir Pressure To obtain an equation that relates flow rate to bottomhole pressure, all the below terms should •be known, including areal extent (drainage radius) and reservoir pressure (, if pseudo-steady or pe, if steady-state). Bottomhole pressure can be set by choke on the surface, and usually we can have control over it.
Assumption#07: drainage area has a regular
pattern (centre of a circle)
1- Permeability, (obtained by pressure transient analysis)
2- Reservoir height (pay thickness) (obtained by well logging tools or core analysis), 3- Oil viscosity (by correlation or lab experiments on oil sample), 4- Formation volume factor (by correlation or lab experiments on oil sample), 5- Areal extent and Reservoir pressure (using pressure transient analysis), 6- Well completion and formation damages (skin factor) (will discussed in the following slides)
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If an Irregular Drainage Pattern … … a correction factor will be needed.
γ is Euler’s constant: 1.78
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Example • Assume that two wells in the below reservoir each drain 640 acres. Furthermore, assume that (same as pi) and that s = 0. The flowing bottomhole pressure in both is 3500 psi. However, well A is placed at the center of a square, whereas well B is at the center of the upper right quadrant of a square drainage shape. Calculate the production rates from the two wells at the onset of pseudosteady state.
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Well in an Undersaturated Oil Reservoir • kH = 8.2 md • ct = 1.29 × 10–5 psi–1
• kv = 0.9 md • Rs = 250 SCF/STB
At the Bubble Point • h = 53 ft • ϕ = 0.19 μ = 1.03 cp Bo = 1.2 res bbl/STB • pi = 5651 psi • Sw = 0.34
• pb = 1697 psi • γo = 28°API
• T = 220°F • γg = 0.71
• co = 1.4 × 10–5 psi–1 • rw = 0.328 ft (7 7/8 wellbore)
• cw = 3 × 10–6 psi–1 • psep = 100 psi
• cf = 2.8 × 10–6 psi–1 • Tsep = 100°F
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Solution • Well A The shape factor, CA, is equal to 30.9. Therefore
Well B Since it is located at the center of the upper right quadrant, its shape is equal to 4.5. All other variables remain the same. The flow rate calculated is then equal to 574 STB/d, representing a 10% reduction.
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Example Solution
This calculation is valid only at very early time. At late time, either drainage shapes will change, if they are artificially induced, or the average reservoir pressure will not decline uniformly within the drainage areas because of different production rates and resulting different rates of depletion.)
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What would be the average reservoir pressure if the outer boundary pressure is 6000 psi, the flowing bottomhole pressure is 3000 psi, the drainage area is 640 acres (radius 2980 ft), and the well radius is 0.328 ft? What would be the ratio of the flow rates before (q1) and after (q2) the average reservoir pressure drops by 1000 psi? Assume that s = 0, and no flow boundary.
no flow boundary → pseudo steady state
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Solution •
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Solution •
i.e., flow rate decreases 34% when the reservoir pressure declines 1,000 psi.
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Productivity Index •• Productivity Index (PI) is defined as the ratio of production rate (q) to pressure
drawdown. It is denoted by J. Steady state :
Pseudo-steady state : • Main purpose is to maximize the PI in a cost effective manner, which results in: • Increasing the flow rate for a given bottomhole pressure. • Decreasing the drawdown for a given flowrate.
• The best way for doing so is well skin reduction by stimulation (acidizing/hydraulic fracturing)
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Productivity Index • Steady state :
Pseudo-steady state :
• J is constant for a given set of rock and fluid parameters.
• While J remains constant, the increase of drawdown will increase q.
