Lecture –III
Aggregates
STRUCTURE
III
CONTENT
Aggregates introduction
Classification of aggregates
General characteristics of aggregates
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
INTENT
This lecture will help in understanding aggregate, its
property, various classification and general characteristics,
water-cement ratio, concept of bulking of sand.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
RECAP
Initial setting time of cement is that time when the cement
paste begins to stiffen considerably and should not be less
than 30 minutes.
Final setting time is that time when the cement has hardened
to the point at which it can sustain some load and should not
be more than 10 hours
Soundness test is performed to determine the presence of
uncombined lime in cement.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
AGGREGATES
Aggregates are defined as granular materials generally inert
(chemically inactive) which give mass to the concrete when
bound together by a MATRIX (cement paste).
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATE
According to size-
1. Fine aggregate- Aggregates which passes 4.75 mm IS :
sieve.
2. Coarse aggregate- Aggregate which retained on 4.75
mm IS : Sieve.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
Classification Description Examples
Rounded Fully water-worn or completely shaped by River or seashore
attraction gravel; desert, seashore
& wind blown sand
Irregular Naturally irregular, or partly shaped by Other gravels
attrition and having rounded edges
Flaky Material of which the thickness is small Laminated rock
relative to the other two dimensions
Angular Possessing well-defined edges formed at the Crushed rocks of all
intersection of roughly planar faces types
Elongated Material, usually angular, in which the length is considerably larger than
the other two dimensions
Flaky and Material having the length considerably larger than the width, and the
elongated width considerably larger than the thickness
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
AGGREGATES
1. Composition
2. Porosity and absorption
3. Bulk density
4. Voids
5. Specific gravity
6. Resistance to crushing, impact and abrasion
7. Surface texture
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
COMPOSITION
Some of aggregates may contain such constituents which react with
the alkalis in cement and cause excessive expansion, cracking and
deterioration of concrete.
Hence, the aggregates which, on the basis of the service history or
laboratory experiments, are not suspected of reactive tendencies
should only be used.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
POROSITY AND ABSORPTION
Due to the presence of air bubbles, which remain in a rock during
formation or on account of the decomposition of certain minerals
by atmospheric effect, minute holes are formed in it, commonly
known as pores.
All aggregates have some percentage of minute pores through
which water can penetrate. On the basis of water absorption the
aggregate may be classified as-
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
Bone dry- it is the aggregate which is fully dry.
Air dry- it is the aggregate in which the pore moisture is partly
evaporated.
Saturated surface dry- it is the aggregate in which the pores
are fully saturated with water and surface is just dry.
Moist or wet- it is the aggregate in which the pores are fully
saturated with water and surface is wet.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The presence of natural pores in the particles of an aggregate give
rise to two types of specific gravity:
1. Apparent specific gravity- It is defined as the weight of the
oven dry aggregate by its absolute volume excluding the
natural pores in the aggregate particles.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
2. Bulk specific gravity- It is defined as the weight of the oven
dry aggregate divided by its absolute volume including the
natural pores in the aggregate particles.
Note: A low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and
therefore poor durability and low strength. The concrete density
will greatly depend on specific gravity.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
Bulk density- The weight of aggregate that would fill container
of unit volume is known as bulk density.
The bulk density of aggregate depends upon their packing, the
particles shape and size, the grading and the moisture content.
For coarse aggregate a higher bulk density is an indication of
fewer voids to be filled by sand and cement.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
Voids- With respect to a mass of aggregate, the term voids refers
to the space between the aggregate particles. Numerically this
voids space is the difference between the gross volume of
aggregate mass and the space occupied by the particles alone.
If the voids in the concrete are more the strength will be low.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
SURFACE TEXTURE
The strength of bond between aggregate and cement paste
depends upon the surface texture.
Bond is the development of mechanical anchorage and depends
upon the surface roughness and surface porosity of the
aggregate.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
An aggregate with rough surface will have a better bond than with
a smooth surface.
Similarly an aggregate with smooth surface but having surface
pores will also bond well on account of the suction of paste into
these pores.
Therefore, some aggregate which appear very smooth may bond
more strongly than one with rough surface texture.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
CONCLUSION
Aggregates are defined as granular materials which give mass
to the concrete.
All aggregates have some percentage of minute pores through
which water can penetrate.
A low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and
therefore poor durability and low strength.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
ASSIGNMENT
What is the difference b/w elastic limit and
proportionality limit ?
What do you understand by ultimate strength point and
strain hardening ?
What is the characteristics strength of Mild steel and
TOR steel ?
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
