CIS 185 CCNP ROUTE

Chapter 3: Implementing OSPF

Part 1
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@[Link]

Spring 2015
Basic OSPF
Types of Routing Protocols
Exterior
Gateway
Interior Gateway Protocols Protocols
Distance Vector Link State Path Vector
Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing Path Vector
Protocols Protocols
IPv4 RIPv2 EIGRP OSPFv2 IS-IS BGP-4
RIPng EIGRP for OSPFv3 * IS-IS for BGP-4 for
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 or
MP-BGP
* OSPFv3 supports routing both IPv4 and IPv6.

3
 Link 2
• Network: [Link]/16
Link State Concepts •
•
IP address:
Type of network:
[Link]
Serial
• Cost of that link: 20
Link 1 • Neighbors: R2
• Network: [Link]/16
• IP address: [Link] Link 3
• Type of network: Ethernet • Network: [Link]/16
• Cost of that link: 2 • IP address: [Link]
• Neighbors: None • Type of network: Serial
• Cost of that link: 5
• Neighbors: R3
 Link states - Information about the state of a router’s links
Link 4
 This information includes interface’s: • Network: [Link]/16
 IP address/mask • IP address: [Link]
 Type of network • Type of network: Serial
 Ethernet (broadcast) or serial point-to-point link • Cost of that link: 20
• Neighbors: R4
 Cost of that link
 Any neighbor routers on that link

4
Link State Concepts

5
 R1 Processes the LSPs from R2
Red: New
information
for tree.

 The SPF algorithm begins by processing the following LSP information from R2:
 Connected to neighbor R1 on network [Link]/16, cost of 20
 Connected to neighbor R5 on network [Link]/16, cost of 10
 Has a network [Link]/16, cost of 2 6
SPF Tree

 R1 has now constructed the

complete SPF tree.

7
 Network [Link]/16
Determining the via R2 Serial 0/0/0 2
Shortest Path at a cost of 22
20

8
 Generating a Routing Table from the SPF Tree
SPF Tree for R1

 These paths listed previously can now be added to the routing table.
 The routing table will also include
 Directly connected networks
 Routes from any other sources, such as static routes.
 Packets will now be forwarded according to these entries in the routing
table.
9
OSPF packet types

10
 Hello [Link] [Link]
Establishing
Hello [Link]
Adjacencies Down
Init
2-way Down
Init
2-way

Hello [Link]

Hello [Link] [Link]

Down State - Init State – Two Way State

 Down State - OSPF routers send Hello packets at regular intervals (10 sec.) to establish
neighbors.
 When a router (sends or) receives its first Hello packet, it enters the init state.
 Hello packet contains a list of known neighbors.
 When the router sends a Hello packet (unicast reply) to the neighbor with its RouterID and
the neighbor sends a Hello packet packet back with that Router ID, the router’s interface
will transition to the two-way state.
 Now, the router is ready to take the relationship to the next level. 11
12
OSPF packet types

Partial list: More later!

13
Basic OSPF Configuration
OSPF Reference Topology

15
Neighbor Hello, I’m
Establishment, R2
OSPF Hello and
Dead Intervals Hello, I’m
Hello, I’m
R3
R1
More later

 Before an OSPF router can flood its link states, must discover neighbors.
 Before two routers can form an OSPF neighbor adjacency, they must agree on three
values:
 Hello interval
 Dead interval
 Network type
 MTU
 Both the interfaces must be part of the same network, including having the same subnet mask.16
Hello Intervals Hello, I’m
R2

Hello, I’m
Hello, I’m
R3
R1

 By default, OSPF Hello packets are sent:

 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point segments
 30 seconds on nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments (Frame
Relay, X.25, ATM).
 Sent to ALLSPFRouters at [Link]
17
Dead Hello, I’m
Intervals R2

Hello, I’m
Hello, I’m
R3
R1

 Dead interval - Period, expressed in seconds, that the router will wait to receive a
Hello packet before declaring the neighbor “down.”
 Cisco uses a default of four times the Hello interval.
 40 seconds - Multiaccess and point-to-point segments.
 120 seconds - NBMA networks.
 Dead interval expires
 OSPF removes that neighbor from its link-state database.
 Floods the link-state information about the “down” neighbor out all OSPF-enabled
interfaces. 18
The router ospf Command
R1(config)# router ospf 10
R1(config-router)#

 The process-id
 Between 1 and 65,535
 Chosen by the network administrator.
 Locally significant:
 Does not have to match other OSPF routers.
 This differs from EIGRP.
 We are using the same process ID simply for consistency.

19
 OSPF Router ID

 A router is known to OSPF by the OSPF router ID number.

 LSDBs use the OSPF router ID to differentiate one router from
the next.
 By default, the router ID is the highest IP address on an active
interface at the moment of OSPF process startup.
 However, for stability reason, it is recommended that the router-
id command or a loopback interface be configured. 20
OSPF Router ID What’s my
Router ID?

What’s my
Router ID?

What’s my
Router ID?
 Cisco routers derive the router ID based on three criteria and with the following
precedence:
1. IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.
2. Highest IP address of any of its loopback interfaces.
3. Highest active IP address of any of its physical interfaces.
 The interface does not need to be enabled for OSPF, i.e. it does not need to
be included in one of the OSPF network commands.
21
Define the Router ID
 Assign a specific router ID to the router.
Router(config)# router ospf process-id
Router(config-router)# router-id ip-address

 Any unique arbitrary 32-bit value in an IP address format (dotted

decimal) can be used.
 If this command is used on an OSPF process that is already active,
then the new router ID takes effect:
 After the next router reload.
 After a manual restarting of the OSPF process using the clear
ip ospf process privileged EXEC command.

Router# clear ip ospf process

 Define the Router ID

R1(config)# router ospf 10

R1(config-router)# router-id [Link]
R1(config-router)# end
R1#
*Mar 25 [Link].595: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from
console by console
R1# 23
 Define the Router ID

R1# show ip protocols

*** IP Routing is NSF aware ***

Routing Protocol is "ospf 10"

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID [Link]
Number of areas in this router is 0. 0 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
<Output omitted> 24
Changing the OSPF Router-ID
R1(config)# router ospf 10
R1(config-router)# router-id [Link]
% OSPF: Reload or use "clear ip ospf process" command, for this to take
effect
R1(config-router)# end
R1#
R1# clear ip ospf process
Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: y
R1#
*Mar 25 [Link].423: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/1
from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
*Mar 25 [Link].423: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/0
from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
*Mar 25 [Link].475: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/1
from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
*Mar 25 [Link].475: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/0
from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R1#
R1# show ip protocols | section Router ID
Router ID [Link]
R1# 25
 The network Command
Router(config-router)# network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id

 The network command (same function as when used with other IGP routing
protocols)
 Any interfaces on a router that match the network address in the
network command will be enabled to send and receive OSPF packets.
 This network (or subnet) will be included in OSPF routing updates.

 Requires the wildcard mask.

 Used to specify the interface or range of interfaces that will be enabled
for OSPF.

26
 The network Command
Router(config-router)# network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id

[Link]
- [Link] Subtract the subnet mask
---------------
0. 0. 0. 15 Wildcard mask

 The wildcard mask can be configured as the inverse of a subnet mask.

 Note:
 Like EIGRP, some Cisco IOS software versions allow you to simply
enter the subnet mask instead of the wildcard mask.
 The Cisco IOS software then converts the subnet mask to the wildcard
mask format. 27
 The network Command
Router(config-router)# network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id

 The area area-id refers to the OSPF area.

 A group of routers that share link-state information.
 Identical link-state databases.
 In this chapter, we configure all the OSPF routers within a single
area.
 This is known as single-area OSPF.
 The network commands must be configured with the same area ID
on all routers.
 Good practice to use an area ID of 0 with single-area OSPF.

28
Advertising
OSPF Networks

R1(config)# router ospf 10

R1(config-router)# router-id [Link]
R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R1(config-router)# end
R1#
29
 Optional Method:
Identify OSPF
Networks
• No network command needed.
• Because this command is configured
explicitly for the interface, it takes
precedence over the network area
command.
R1(config)# interface gig 0/0
R1(config-router)# ip ospf 10 area 0
R1(config-router)# exit
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-router)# ip ospf 10 area 0
R1(config-router)# exit
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/1
R1(config-router)# ip ospf 10 area 0
30
R1(config-router)# end
Fine Tuning OSPF Interfaces
Modifying OSPF Intervals
Router(config-if)# ip ospf hello-interval seconds
Router(config-if)# ip ospf dead-interval seconds

 It might be desirable to change the OSPF timers so that routers

will detect network failures in less time.
 Before changing any timer default values, be sure to give it careful
consideration and understand the effects of making those changes.
 The OSPF Hello and Dead intervals are configurable on a per-
interface basis.
 NOTE:
 OSPF intervals must match or a neighbor adjacency does not
occur.
 EIGRP hello and hold timers do NOT have to match. 32
Verifying the OSPF Intervals on R1

R1# show ip ospf interface serial 0/0/0

Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address [Link]/30, Area 0, Attached via Network Statement
Process ID 10, Router ID [Link], Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
Topology-MTID Cost Disabled Shutdown Topology Name
0 64 no no Base
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in [Link]
<Output omitted>
R1#
33
Changing the OSPF
Hello = 10 sec
Intervals on R1 Dead = 40 sec
 Remember, OSPF Hello
and Dead intervals must
Hello = 5 sec
be equivalent between
neighbors.
Dead = 20 sec
 Loss of adjacency with R2
but R3 is still a neighbor.
R1(config)# interface Serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ip ospf hello-interval 5
R1(config-if)# ip ospf dead-interval 20
R1(config-if)# end
R1#
*Apr 7 [Link].529: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/0 from
FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired
R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

[Link] 0 FULL/ - [Link] [Link] Serial0/0/1
R1# 34
 Hello = 5 sec
Changing the OSPF Dead = 20 sec
Intervals on R2 Hello = 5 sec
 OSPF automatically Dead = 20 sec
adjusts Dead timer to 4
times the Hello timer.
R2(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
R2(config-if)# ip ospf hello-interval 5
R2(config-if)#
*Apr 7 [Link].001: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2(config-if)# end
R2#
R2# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

[Link] 0 FULL/ - [Link] [Link] Serial0/0/1
[Link] 0 FULL/ - [Link] [Link] Serial0/0/0
R2# 35
Passive Interfaces
Passive Interface

 By default, OSPF messages are forwarded out all OSPF-enabled

interfaces.

37
 Configuring Passive
Interfaces on R1 & R2

R1(config)# router ospf 10

R1(config-router)# passive-interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
R1(config-router)# end
R1#
R2(config)# router ospf 10
R2(config-router)# passive-interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
R2(config-router)# end
R2#
38
Verifying Passive
Interfaces on R1 and
R2

R1# show ip protocols | section Passive

Passive Interface(s):
GigabitEthernet0/0
R1#

R2# show ip protocols | section Passive

Passive Interface(s):
GigabitEthernet0/0
R2# 39
Configuring Passive
Interfaces on R3
R3(config)# router ospf 10
R3(config-router)# passive-interface default
R3(config-router)#
*Apr 7 [Link].090: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/0
from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
*Apr 7 [Link].090: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/1
from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
R3(config-router)#
R3(config-router)# no passive-interface serial 0/0/0
*Apr 7 [Link].590: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/0
from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R3(config-router)#
R3(config-router)# no passive-interface serial 0/0/1
R3(config-router)#
*Apr 7 [Link].462: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on Serial0/0/1
from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done 40
DR/BDR Multiaccess Networks
Solution: Designated Router

 OSPF elects a Designated Router (DR) to be the collection and distribution

point for LSAs sent and received.
 A Backup Designated Router (BDR) is also elected in case the DR fails.
 All other routers become DROthers. 42
 [Link]

[Link]

DROther DROther DROther DROther

DROther DROther

 DROthers only form full adjacencies with the DR and BDR in the network.
 send their LSAs to the DR and BDR, multicast address [Link] (ALLDRouters)
 R1 sends LSAs to the DR (The BDR listens, too.)
 The DR is responsible for forwarding the LSAs from R1 to all other routers.
 DR uses the multicast address [Link] (AllSPFRouters, all OSPF routers).
 Only one router doing all the flooding. 43
44
45
46
DR/BDR Election

BDR

DROther DR
 The following criteria are applied:
1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface priority.
2. BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF interface priority.
3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the highest router ID is used to break the
tie.
 Default OSPF interface priority is 1.
 Current configuration, the OSPF router ID is used to elect the DR and BDR. 47
 Verifying Router States
RouterA# show ip ospf interface fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address [Link]/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID [Link], Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) [Link], Interface address [Link]
Backup Designated router (ID) [Link], Interface address [Link]
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
<output omitted>

48
Router(config-if)# ip ospf priority {0 - 255}

 Control the election of these routers with the ip ospf priority interface
command.
 Priority (Highest priority wins):
 0 = Cannot become DR or BDR
 1 = Default
 Therefore, the router ID determines the DR and BDR.
 Priorities are an interface-specific value, they provide better control of the
OSPF multiaccess networks.
 They also allow a router to be the DR in one network and a DROther in
another.

49
 OSPF Interface Priority
RouterA# show ip ospf interface fastethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address [Link]/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID [Link], Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) [Link], Interface address [Link]
Backup Designated router (ID) [Link], Interface address
[Link]
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
<output omitted>

 The OSPF interface priority can be viewed using the show ip ospf
interface command.
50
  After doing a shutdown and a
Highest priority wins no shutdown on the Fast
Ethernet 0/0 interfaces of all
Pri = 100
three routers, we see the result
of the change of OSPF
interface priorities.

Pri = 200

RouterA(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0

RouterA(config-if)# ip ospf priority 200

RouterB(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0

RouterB(config-if)# ip ospf priority 100
51
Clarifications regarding DR/BDR

 Hello packets are still exchanged between all routers on a multi-access

segment (DR, BDR, DROthers,….) to maintain neighbor adjacencies.
 OSPF LSA packets (coming) are packets which are sent from the
BDR/DROthers to the DR, and then from the DR to the BDR/DROthers.
(The reason for a DR/BDR.)
 Normal routing of IP packets still takes the lowest cost route, which might
be between two DROthers. 52
OSPF Metric (Cost)
OSPF Metric

 The OSPF metric is called cost. The following passage is from RFC 2328:
 A cost is associated with the output side of each router interface. This cost is
configurable by the system administrator. The lower the cost, the more likely the
interface is to be used to forward data traffic.
 RFC 2328 does not specify which values should be used to determine the cost.
54
OSPF Metric

Cisco IOS Cost for OSPF = 108/bandwidth in bps

 Cisco IOS software uses the cumulative bandwidths of the outgoing
interfaces from the router to the destination network as the cost value.
 108 is known as the reference bandwidth
 So that interfaces with the higher bandwidth values will have a lower
calculated cost. 55
 Accommodating 10Gig Interfaces

In Mb/s

R1(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth 10000

56
Adjusting to Reference Bandwidth for Gig
Cost = 1

Cost = 647

R1(config)# router ospf 10

R1(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000

R2(config)# router ospf 10

R2(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000

R3(config)# router ospf 10

R3(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000
57
 Modifying the Cost of
the Link
 Both sides of the link should be
configured to have the same
value.

R1(config)# inter serial 0/0/1

R2(config-if)# bandwidth 64
R2(config-if)# inter serial 0/0/1
R2(config-if)# bandwidth 1024
R3(config)# inter serial 0/0/1
R2(config-if)# bandwidth 1024
R3(config-if)# inter serial 0/0/0
R3(config-if)# bandwidth 64
58
 The ip ospf cost Command
R1(config)# inter serial 0/0/1
R1(config-if)# bandwidth 64
R1(config-if)# end 1,000,000,000/64,000 = 15625
R1# show ip ospf interface serial 0/0/0
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address [Link]/30, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID [Link], Network Type POINT_TO_POINT,Cost: 15625

R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/1

R1(config-if)# ip ospf cost 15625
 An alternative method to using the bandwidth command is to use
the ip ospf cost command, which allows you to directly specify
the cost of an interface.
 This will not change the output of the show ip ospf interface
command. 59
IP MTU and OSPF
 IPv4 Fragmentation
• IPv4 fields used for fragmentation and IPv4
reassembly.
• Intermediate devices such as IPv6
routers do not perform fragmentation.
• Any fragmentation needed will be
handled by the source using an
extension header.
IPv6
 MTU
MTU of
of outgoing
outgoing link
link It
It is
is my
my job
job to
to
IPv4 Fragmentation smaller
smaller than
than packet
packet size
size reassemble
reassemble thethe packet
packet
–
– fragment
fragment IPv4
IPv4 packet.
packet. fragments.
fragments.

PCA Link with PCB

R1 R2 smaller MTU R3

Source Destination
1 2 3
IPv4
IPv4
IPv4 Packet Packet IPv4 Packet
Packet
IPv4
• IPv4 requires that every link have a IPv4
Packet
Packet
minimum MTU of 68 bytes.
IPv4
• Every internet destination must be able to IPv4
Packet
receive a packet of 576 bytes either in Packet
one piece or in fragments to be
reassembled.
IP MTU
Router(config)# interface fa 0/2
Router(config-if)# ip mtu 1400
Router(config-if)# ipv6 mtu 1400

 OSPF relies on IPv4 for fragmentation.

 IPv6 routers do not fragment packets – drops packet and returns ICMPv6
Packet Too Big message with MTU size to the source.
 If MTUs are mismatched between two neighbors, this could introduce issues
with exchange of link-state packets, resulting in continuous retransmissions.
 OSPF requires that the same IPv4 MTU be configured on both sides of the
link.
 If neighbors have a mismatched IPv4 MTU configured, they will not be able to
form full OSPF adjacency.
 If necessary, the IP MTU can be changed on the interface. 63
Multi-Area OSPF
 Multi-Area OSPF

 Hierarchical routing enables you to separate large internetworks

(autonomous systems) into smaller internetworks that are called areas.
 With this technique, routing still occurs between the areas (called inter-area
routing).
 Some operations are restricted within an area:
 Flooding of LSAs
 Recalculating the database
 Re-running the SPF algorithm 65
Multi-Area OSPF

66
Multi-Area OSPF

Internal: Routers with all their interfaces within the same area
Backbone: Routers with at least one interface connected to area 0
ASBR: (Autonomous System Boundary Router): Routers that have at least one
interface connected to an external internetwork (another autonomous system)
ABR: (Area Border Router): Routers with interfaces attached to multiple areas. 67
Single Area OSPF
 In single area OSPF, all routers are in area 0.
 Area 0 is also called the backbone area.

 Single area OSPF is useful in smaller networks with few routers.

OSPF Area 0

R1 R2

68
Issues With a Large OSPF Area

 Large routing table:

 OSPF does not automatically summarize routes and therefore
routing tables can become very large, depending on the size of
the network.

R1 R2

My routing table is too

big and I am running
low on memory.
69
Issues With a Large OSPF Area
 Large link-state database (LSDB):
 The LSDB maintain an entry for every network in the area, even
if not every route is selected for the routing table.
 Too many routers in one area would make the LSDBs very large
and increase the load on the CPU.

R1 R2

I’m receiving too

many LSAs.
70
Issues With a Large OSPF Area

 Frequent SPF algorithm calculations:

 In a large network, changes are inevitable, so the routers spend
many CPU cycles recalculating the SPF algorithm and
updating the routing table.

R1 R2

My SPF algorithm is
running too often for me to
route properly.
71
Multi-Area OSPF
 Multiarea OSPF uses a two-layer area hierarchy using a
backbone area interconnecting regular areas.
 Useful in larger network deployments to reduce processing
and memory overhead.
Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 All regular areas must interconnect to the backbone area (area 0).
 Interconnecting routers are called Area Border Routers (ABR).
72
Backbone (Transit) Area
 OSPF area whose primary function is the fast and efficient
movement of IP packets.
 Backbone areas interconnect with other OSPF area types.
 Generally, end users are not found within a backbone area.

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 The backbone area is also called OSPF area 0.

 Hierarchical networking defines area 0 as the core to which all
73
 Regular or Normal Areas

 Connects users and resources.

 Areas are usually set up along functional or geographical groupings.

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 By default, all traffic from other areas must cross an ABR.

 A regular area does not allow traffic from another area to use its links
to reach other areas.

74
 Multiarea OSPF Advantages
Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 Smaller routing tables:

 Fewer routing table entries because network addresses can be summarized
between areas.
 Route summarization is not enabled by default.
 Reduced link-state update overhead:
 Minimizes processing and memory requirements.
 Reduced frequency of SPF calculations:
 Localizes the impact of a topology change within an area.
 For instance, it minimizes routing update impact because LSA flooding stops at
the area boundary.
75
Topology Change Impacts Local Area Only
 The ABR (R2) isolates the fault to area 51 only.
 Link failure affects the local area only (area 51)

Only R2 and routers in area 51 exchange LSAs

and run the SPF algorithm.
Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

Link fails
 Routers in areas 0 and 1 do not need the run the SPF algorithm.
76
Cisco OSPF Implementation Guidelines

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 The optimal number of routers per area varies based on factors

such as network stability.
 However, Cisco guidelines recommend:
 A router should not be in more than three areas.
 An area should have no more than 50 routers.
 Any single router should not have more than 60 neighbors.
77
Internal Routers

 This is a router that has all of its interfaces in the same area.

Internet

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 All internal routers in an area have identical LSDBs.

78
Backbone Routers
 Backbone router have at least one interface in Area 0.
 This is a router with an interface(s) in the backbone area.

Internet

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

79
Area Border Router (ABR)

 This is a router that has interfaces attached to multiple areas.

Internet

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 ABRs:
 Maintain separate LSDBs for each area it is connected to.
 Are exit points for the area.
 Distribute the routing information into the backbone and the
backbone routers then forward the information to the other ABRs. 80
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)
 This is a router that has at least one interface attached to an
external non-OSPF network.
Internet

Area 1 Area 0 Area 51

R1 R2

 An ASBR can redistribute non-OSPF network information into

and out of the OSPF network.

81
Configuring Basic Multi-Area
OSPF
OSPF Multiarea OSPF Topology
[Link]/24
Area 0
G0/0 .1

R2
.2 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .5
[Link]/30 [Link]/30

.1 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .6

R1 R3
.1 G0/0 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 G0/1 .1
[Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24
Area 1 Area 2

83
Configuring Multiarea OSPF on R1

R1(config)# router ospf 10

R1(config-router)# router-id [Link]
R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 1
R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 1
R1(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R1(config-router)# end
R1#

84
 Configuring Multiarea OSPF on R2

R2(config)# router ospf 10

R2(config-router)# router-id [Link]
R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R2(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R2(config-router)# end
*Apr 19 [Link].029: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr [Link] on
Serial0/0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2#

85
Configuring Multiarea OSPF on R3

R3(config)# router ospf 10

R3(config-router)# router-id [Link]
R3(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 0
R3(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 2
R3(config-router)# network [Link] [Link] area 2
R3(config-router)# end
*Apr 19 [Link].881: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr
[Link] on Serial0/0/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R3# 86
OSPFv3 Topology
Area 0 [Link]/64

G0/0 :1
LLA: FE80::2
R2 :1 S0/0/1
:2 S0/0/0
[Link]/64 [Link]/64

:1 S0/0/0 :2 S0/0/1
LLA: FE80::1 LLA: FE80::3
Area 1 R1 R3
Area 2 G0/0 :1
G0/0 :1

[Link]/64 [Link]/64

87
Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3 on R1

*Apr 24 [Link].463:
%OSPFv3-4-NORTRID: Process
OSPFv3-10-IPv6 could not
pick a router-id, please
configure manually

R1(config)# ipv6 router ospf 10

R1(config-rtr)# router-id [Link]
R1(config-rtr)# exit
R1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 1
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)# interface Serial0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
88
 Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3 on R2

R2(config)# ipv6 router ospf 10

R2(config-rtr)# router-id [Link]
R2(config-rtr)# exit
R2(config)# interface g0/0
R2(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
R2(config-if)# interface s0/0/0
R2(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
R2(config-if)# interface s0/0/1
R2(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0 89
Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3 on R3

R3(config)# ipv6 router ospf 10

R3(config-rtr)# router-id [Link]
R3(config-rtr)# exit
R3(config)# interface g0/0
R3(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 2
R3(config-if)# interface s0/0/1
R3(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0
R3(config-if)# end
90
Configuring OSPF Route
Summarization
Why Summarize?

 Summarization helps keep routing tables small.

 Involves consolidating multiple routes into a single advertisement,
which can then be propagated into the backbone area.
 Summarized into type 3 LSAs, and sent to other areas.
 If area 1 had 30 networks to advertise, then 30 type 3 LSAs
would be forwarded into the backbone.
 With route summarization, the ABR consolidates the 30
networks into one or a few advertisements.
92
 93

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iizz AA
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mm LL
mm ee33
SSuu yypp
TT
eedd
iizz AA
aarr SS
mm LL
mm ee33
SSuu yypp
TT
Summarized
Summarized Summarized
Summarized
Type
Type 33 LSA
LSA Type
Type 33 LSA
LSA
Propagating a Summary Route

iz A
a S
ed
m 3L
r
e
Su yp
T
m
OSPF Route Summarization Topology
[Link]/24
Area 0
G0/0 .1 [Link]/27
.225 .226 EIGRP
R2 Lo0
([Link] /24
.2 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .5 – [Link]/24)
[Link]/30 [Link]/30

.1 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .6

R1 R3
.1 G0/0 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 G0/1 .1
[Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24
Area 1 Area 2

94
Interarea Route Summarization
[Link]/24
Area 0
G0/0 .1 [Link]/27
.225 .226 EIGRP
S
y
an SA R2 Lo0
ro um
ut m
([Link] /24
m L .2 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .5 es a – [Link]/24)
ize one
[Link]/30 in rize
[Link]/30
r to
a
m nto on ma
m i e ny
LS
Su tes A
u
ro .1 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .6

R1 R3
.1 G0/0 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 G0/1 .1
[Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24
Area 1 Area 2

95
External Route Summarization
[Link]/24
Area 0
G0/0 .1 [Link]/27
l .225 .226 EIGRP
r na A R2 Su ([Link] /24
te S Lo0 rou mm
ex e L .2 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .5 tes ari – [Link]/24)
ze n
[Link]/30 ze
in192.168.10.4/30
ari to o to ext
on e
mm s in e rna
Su ute L
SA l
ro .1 S0/0/0 S0/0/1 .6

R1 R3
.1 G0/0 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 G0/1 .1
[Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24 [Link]/24
Area 1 Area 2

96
 R1 Routing Table Before Summarization

R1# show ip route ospf | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

O [Link]/24 [110/648] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
O IA [Link]/24 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
O IA [Link]/24 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O [Link]/30 [110/1294] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
R1#
97
 R3 Routing Table Before Summarization

R3# show ip route ospf | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

O IA [Link] [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
O IA [Link] [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
O [Link] [110/648] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O [Link]/30 [110/1294] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
R3#
98
3 Steps to Calculating the Summary Route
1. List the networks in binary format.
2. Count the number of far left matching bits to determine the mask for the summary
route.
3. Copy the matching bits and then add zero bits to determine the summarized network
address.
Some bits are
Step 1 Step 2 different
[Link] 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000000
[Link] 00001010.00000001.00000010.00000000

First 22 bits match

Step 3

[Link] 00001010.00000001.00000000.00000000
[Link] 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000

/22
[Link]/22 or [Link] [Link] 99
Summarizing Area 1 Routes on R1
te
rou
y
ar 2
m 0/2
m .
su .1.0
d
n 10
Se

R1(config)# router ospf 10

R1(config-router)# area 1 range [Link] [Link]
R1(config-router)#

100
 R1 Routing Table After Summarization

R1# show ip route ospf | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 3 masks

O [Link]/22 is a summary, [Link], Null0
O [Link]/24 [110/648] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
O IA [Link]/24 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
O IA [Link]/24 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O [Link]/30 [110/1294] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
R1# 101
 R3 Routing Table After Summarization

R3# show ip route ospf | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

O IA [Link]/22 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
O [Link]/24 [110/648] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O [Link]/30 [110/1294] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/1
R3#

102
 Summarizing Area 2 Routes on R3

Se
nd
19 sum
2.
16 ma
8. ry
0.
0 r ou
/2 te
2

R3(config)# router ospf 10

R3(config-router)# area 2 range [Link] [Link]
R3(config-router)# end

SHOW R1’s routing table

103
 Verifying OSPF Status on R1
R1# show ip protocols
*** IP Routing is NSF aware ***

Routing Protocol is "ospf 10"

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID [Link]
It is an area border router
Number of areas in this router is 2. 2 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
[Link] [Link] area 1
[Link] [Link] area 1
[Link] [Link] area 0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
[Link] 110 [Link]
[Link] 110 [Link]
Distance: (default is 110)
R1# 104
 Verifying OSPF Enabled Interface on R1

R1# show ip ospf interface brief

Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C
Se0/0/0 10 0 [Link]/30 64 P2P 1/1
Gi0/1 10 1 [Link]/24 1 DR 0/0
Gi0/0 10 1 [Link]/24 1 DR 0/0
R1#

105
 Verifying OSPF Routes on R1

R1# show ip route ospf | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

O [Link]/24 [110/648] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
O IA [Link]/24 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
O IA [Link]/24 [110/1295] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O [Link]/30 [110/1294] via [Link], [Link], Serial0/0/0
R1#
106
 CIS 185 CCNP ROUTE
Chapter 3: Implementing OSPF
Part 1
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@[Link]

Spring 2015