Introduction to OpenGL
► What is OpenGL?
Computer-graphics API (application
programming interface)
►Efficient,
streaming interface
►Hardware independent
►Operating system independent
► CAD Uses of OpenGL
► Lighting
► Shading
► Texture mapping
► Transparency
► Animation
► Wire frame model
► Antialiasing
► Shadowing
► Can work access a network
► Content creation
► Entertainment
► Game development
► Manufacturing
► Medical
How OpenGL works?
► OpenGL is a procedural rather than a descriptive
graphics API
► Include more than 200 (250) commands and
functions by using which Open GL primitives( or
graphic primitives) like points, lines, triangles and
polygons in 2D and 3D can be drawn
► It keep track of many state variables, such as the
current size of a point, the current color of drawing,
the current background etc
► The value of the state variable remains active until
a new value is given
Software( or generic )
implementation of Open GL
Application program
OS I/O OpenGL
GDI
services services
Display/Windowing system Software Rasterizer
Hardware implementation of
Open GL
Application program
OS I/O OpenGL
GDI
services services
Display/Windowing system Hardware Driver
Pipeline
► Itis used to describe a process that can
take two or more distinct stages or steps
► The OpenGL pipeline is the following fig:
Transform and
lighting
Open Gl Frame buffer
Rasterization
command
buffer
OpenGL Command Formats
glVertex3fv( v )
Prefix
Initial capital letters
Number of Data Type Vector
components b - byte omit “v” for
ub - unsigned byte
2 - (x,y) scalar form
s - short
3 - (x,y,z)
us - unsigned short
4 - (x,y,z,w) glVertex2f( x, y )
i - int
ui - unsigned int
f - float
d - double
l -long
OpenGL Data types
( ISO C implementations of open GL)
► GLbyte-8 bit integer-signed char-b
► GLshort-16 bit integer-short-s
► GLint-32 bit integer-long-l
► GLfloat-32 bit floating point-float-f
► GLdouble-64 bit floating point-double-d
► GLubyte,GLboolean-8 bit unsigned integer-
unsigned char- ub
Open GL function
► Syntax:
<Library prefix> <Root command> <optional argument count><optional argument type>;
Examples:
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0); displays black color
glVertex2i(1,2); plot a point (1,2)
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glEnd();
Color
► Color
values Displayed Command used
► 000 Black glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0)
► 001 Blue glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0)
► 010 Green glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0)
► 011 Cyan glColor3f(0.0,1.0,1.0)
► 100 Red glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0)
► 101 Magenta glColor3f(1.0,0.0,1.0)
► 110 Yellow glColor3f(1.0,1.0,0.0)
► 111 White glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0)
OpenGL Geometric Primitives
► Allgeometric primitives are specified by
vertices
GL_LINES
GL_POINTS GL_POLYGON
GL_LINE_STRIP GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_TRIANGLES
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP GL_QUADS GL_QUAD_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
Cont.
► OpenGL primitives are described by
glBegin() and glEnd() pairs
->gl Begin() marks the beginning of a vertex
data list that describes a geometric primitive
->gl end() marks the end of a vertex data list
->The argument of the glBegin() may be the
following values( given in the next slide)
Cont.
► Value Meaning
► GL_POINTS Individual points
► GL_LINES Pair of vertices interpreted as
► individual line segments
► GL_LINE-STRIP Series of connected line
► segments
► GL_LINE_LOOP same as above, with a segment
► added between between last and
► first vertices
► GL_TRIANGLES Triples of vertices interpreted as
► triangle
Cont.
► Value Meaning
► GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP Linked strip of triangle
► GL_TRIANGLE_FAN Linked fan of triangles
► GL_QUADS Quadruple of vertices
► interpreted as 4 sided polygons
► GL_QUAD_STRIP Linked strip of
► quadrilaterals
► GL_POLYGON Boundary of a simple ,
► convex polygon
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_POINTS);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_LINES);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_LINE_STRIP);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_LINE_LOOP);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p5);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES_STRIP);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p4);
glEnd();
P2 P3
If N is odd, order: n, n+1, n+2
If N is even, order: n+1, n, n+2
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES_FAN);
glVertex2iv (p1);
P6 P5
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5); P1 P4
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd();
P2 P3
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_QUADS);
glVertex2iv (p1); P8
glVertex2iv (p2);
P1
glVertex2iv (p3); P4 P5
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glVertex2iv (p7);
glVertex2iv (p8); P2 P6
P3 P7
glEnd();
OpenGL Drawing Functions
glBegin (GL_QUADS_STRIP);
glVertex2iv (p1); P8
glVertex2iv (p2);
P1
glVertex2iv (p4); P4 P5
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p5);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glVertex2iv (p8);
glVertex2iv (p7); P2 P6
P3 P7
glEnd(); Order: 2n-1, 2n, 2n+2, 2n+1
OpenGL-Related Libraries
► GLU (OpenGL Utility Library)
part of OpenGL
NURBS, tessellators, quadric shapes, etc…
► GLUT (OpenGL Utility Toolkit)
portable windowing API
not officially part of OpenGL
GLUT: OpenGL Utility Toolkit
► Application Structure
Configure and open window
Initialize OpenGL state
Register input callback functions
►render
►resize
►input: keyboard, mouse, etc.
Enter event processing loop
Header files available in a gl
subdirectory
► #include<gl/gl.h>
► #include<gl/glu.h>
► #include<gl/glut.h>
► #include<windows.h>
GLUT Callback Functions
► Routine to call when something happens
window resized, user input, window needs
drawing, etc…
► “Register” callbacks with GLUT
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutIdleFunc( idle );
glutKeyboardFunc( keyboard );
glutMouseFunc( mouse );
