INSTITUTIONA

L
CORRECTION
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• Penology
• Penal Management
• Correction
• Correctional
Administration
• Types of Correctional
Treatment
PENOLOGY
 WHAT IS PENOLOGY ?
Study of punishment of crimes or
of criminal offenders.
- It includes the study of control
and prevention of crime through
punishment of criminal offenders.
- The term derived from the Latin
word “poena”which means pain or
suffering.
- Penology is also known as Penal
Science.
 PENAL
MANAGEMEN
T
 WHAT IS PENAL
MANAGEMENT?

- It refers to the
manner or practice of
managing or
controlling places of
confinement as in
jails or prisons.
Correction
5 PILLARS OF PCJS

P – POLICE/LAW
ENFORCEMENT
P – PROSECUTION
C – COURT
C – CORRECTION
C - COMMUNITY
 CORRECTION IS
THE FOURTH
PILLAR OF THE
CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
 CORRECTION AS A
PILLAR OF CJS?
- It is a branch of the CJS
concerned with the
custody, supervision and
rehabilitation of criminal
offenders. (positivist
doctrine influence)
Correction as one of the
pillars of CJS is considered
as the weakest pillar.
Why?
This is because of its
failure to deter individuals
in committing crimes as
well as the reformation of
inmates.
CORRECTIONAL
ADMINISTRATIO
N
 What is Correctional
Administration?
– the study and practice of
a system management of
jails or prisons and other
institution concerned with
the custody, treatment
and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.
 2 KINDS OF
APPROACHES OR
TREATMENT OF
CORRECTION
 1.Institutional
Correction/Institution
-Based correction

2.Non-institutional
Correction/Community
-Based correction
 Institutional Correction/
Institution-based Approach
- Rehabilitation of
offenders in jail or prisons.
- Rehabilitation or
correctional programs takes
place inside correctional
facilities or institution such
as national penitentiaries
and jails.
 - manned by three different
government agencies
responsible for the
supervision and control of the
numerous institutional
facilities nationwide which
provide safekeeping and
rehabilitation of inmates.
1.The national prison’s and penal
farms under The DOJ;
2.The provincial and sub-
provincial jails under the
provincial government; and
3.The City, Municipal and District
Jails under the DILG.
 Non-Institutional
Correction/Community-
Based
approach
correctional activities
that takes place in the
community that directly
addressed to the offender
and aimed at helping him
• Community-based
Corrections is a supervised
program dealing with people
who have been convicted or
are facing conviction.
• Modern community
correctional programs are
invariably “soft on crime” they
focus too much on
rehabilitation, to the exclusion
of punishment, deterrence and
• Community correction means the
subfield of corrections in which
offenders are supervised and
provided services outside jail.
• Community corrections are
sometimes referred to as non-
institutional corrections.
• Community Corrections include
programs such as; Diversion,
Restitution, Probation, Parole and
other various provisions for
temporary release from jail.
APPROACH
ARE ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT
SUCH AS:

• Probation
Juvenile Probation
Adult Probation

• Parole
• Pardon
Absolute Pardon
Conditional Pardon
PROBATION
WHAT IS PROBATION?
- Is a disposition , under
which an accused after
conviction and sentence,
is released subject to
the conditions imposed
by the court and to the
supervision of a
- By probation, a person
convicted of a criminal
offense is not sent to
prison by the sentencing
court . Instead, he/she is
release and place under
the supervision of a
probation officer subject
to the condition which the
court may impose.
 Two types of probation
1. (Juvenile Probation)
covering offenders ages 9
and under 18 (PD 603) as
amended by (RA 9344)

2. (Adult Probation)
covering ages 18 and above
(PD 968)
PAROLE
 WHAT IS PAROLE?

It is the release of a
prisoner from prison
after serving the
minimum period of his
indeterminate
sentence.
 What is the
difference
between
determinate
sentence with an
indeterminate
sentence?
Under determinate
sentencing, the
criminal must serve
the entire sentence.
The date of release
remains objective.
Under indeterminate
sentences, a criminal will
serve a range of years as
determined by the judge.
The minimum time period is
usually set and after the
minimum sentence passes,
the case will go before a
parole board which sets the
actual date of release.
PARDON
 WHAT IS PARDON?

An act of executive clemency

by a head of state for the
purpose of exempting an
individual from the
punishment imposes upon
him by a court of law.
- It is an act of grace and
the recipient is not entitled
to it as a matter of right.
KINDS OF
PARDON
Absolute Pardon
- Absolute pardon
serves to wipe away
the guilt of a pardonee
and makes him innocent
as if he has not
committed any crime.
 Conditional Pardon
It is conditional when it is
granted by the Chief
Executive subject to the
conditions imposed on the
recipient and accepted by
him. Usually, the person
granted with conditional
pardon has served a portion
(at least ½ of the minimum
of his indeterminate
 PURPOSE OF
1. CORRECTIONS
To punish (traditional)
2. To rehabilitate the offender
(modern)
- The ultimate goal of correction is
to reform and rehabilitate convicted
individuals and restore them in
their prior status before the
commission of the crime, as law
abiding citizen.
 CORRECTION AND
CRIMINOLOGY
CORRECTION It is a branch of the CJS concerned
with the custody, supervision and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders. (positivist
doctrine
influence)

CRIMINOLOGY a body of knowledge

regarding crimes and criminals and the
effort of the society to prevent and repress
them.
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGY
 CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY study the causes of
crime
 SOCIOLOGY OF LAW study the effort of the
society in dealing with laws applied to control
the society
 PENOLOGY study the punishment attach to
every crime as means of social control
 VICTIMOLOGY study an individual who
somehow becomes a party in crime
commission and a victim of one's own volition
 CORRECTION AND
PENOLOGY
CORRECTION an agency of the government
tasked to administer/manage prison/jail
institutions with the duty of performing the
process of rehabilitation, reformation and
reintegration of criminal offenders.

PENOLOGY study of control and prevention of

crime through punishment of criminal
offenders.
 The Philippine
Correctional System
is Composed of 5
Agencies Belonging
to 3 Departments
namely:
1. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Under this are the:
a) Bureau of Corrections
(BuCor)
b) the Parole and Probation
Administration (PPA)
c) the Board of Pardons
and Parole (BPP)
 2. Department of the
Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
Under this is the-
d) BJMP which runs the
city, municipal and district
jails and the provincial jails
through their respective
provincial governments.
 3. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL
WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT
(DSWD)
Under this is the -
e) Child and Youth Welfare
Bureau that takes care of the
sentenced Youth offenders.
which are located in the ten (10)
Regional Youth Rehabilitation
Centers nationwide.
 IMPRISONMENT OR
INCARCERATION
is the act of confinement
of a person in prison,
restraint of one’s personal
liberty, forcible detentions
of a man’s person or his
movement.
 INMATE
• Is a person committed to
jai/prison by a competent court
or authority for any of the
following reasons:
1.To serve a sentence after
conviction
2.Under trial
3.Under investigation
GENERAL CATEGORY
OF INMATES:
1.Sentenced Prisoner
2.Detention Prisoner
3.Person for
safekeeping
Sentenced Prisoner
(prisoner)
Are persons who
are convicted by
final judgment
and serving their
sentences.
Detention Prisoner

- Are prisoners
awaiting court
trial or court
disposition.
Person for Safekeeping
- a prisoner in jail or prison
so detained for reasons of
personal security and the
protection of the community
from commiting simple
misconduct.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
SENTENCED PRISONERS

1.National/Insular Prisoner
2.Provincial Prisoner
3.City Prisoner
4.Municipal Prisoner
 National/Insular Prisoner
(BUCOR inmate) a prisoner
sentenced to an
imprisonment exceeding 3
years.

Provincial prisoner - (Prov'l.

Jail inmate) a prisoner
sentenced to an
imprisonment exceeding
City Prisoner -(BJMP inmate)
a prisoner sentenced to an
imprisonment exceeding
1month but not more than 3
yrs. in its maximum.

Municipal Prisoner - (BJMP

inmate) a prisoner
sentenced to an
imprisonment exceeding
1month in its minimum but
not more than 6months in its
CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS ACCORDNG
TO
DEGREE OF SECURITY
BJMP BuCor
Classification Classification
1. High Risk 1. Super
inmates Maximum
Security Prisoner
2. High Profile 2. Maximum
Inmates Security Prisoner
3. Medium
3. Ordinary inmates Security Prisoner
4. Minimum
Security Prisoner
 Classification of Prisoners as to
Security Risks

- An inmate shall be assigned to any of

the following security groups:

Maximum Security – This shall include

highly dangerous or high security risk as
determined by the classification board
who require a high degree of control and
supervision.
Who are Maximum Security Prisoners

• Those sentenced to death

• Those whose minimum sentence is 20 years
imprisonment
• Remand inmates or detainees whose
sentence is 20 years and above and those
whose sentence is under review by the SC
• Those with pending cases
• Recidivists, habitual delinquents and
escapees
• Those under disciplinary punishment or
safekeeping
• Those who are criminally insane or with
sever personality disorders or emotional
Medium Security

- This shall include those who

cannot be trusted in less
secured areas and those
whose conduct or behavior
require minimum supervision.
 Who are Medium Security Prisoners?

• Those whose minimum sentence is less than 20

years imprisonment
• Remand inmates or detainees whose sentences
are below 20 years
• Those who are 18 years of age and below,
regardless of the case and sentence
• Those who have 2 or more records of escapes.
They are classified as medium security if they
have served 8 years since they were
recommitted. Those with one record of escape
must serve 5 years.
• First offenders sentenced to life imprisonment.
They can be classified as medium security if they
have served 5 years in a maximum security
prison or less, upon the recommendation of the
Minimum Security

- this shall include those who

can be reasonably trusted to
serve their sentences under
less restricted conditions.
 Who are Minimum Security Prisoners?

• Those with severe physical handicap as

certified by the chief medical officer of the
prison
• Those who are 65 years of age and above,
without pending case and whose convictions
are not on appeal
• Those who have serve ½ of their minimum
sentence or 1/3 of their maximum sentence,
excluding GCTA
• Those who have 6 months more to serve
before the expiration of their maximum
sentence.
 Color of Uniforms of
Inmates as to Security
Classification

Maximum Security –
tangerine/orange

Medium Security – blue

Minimum Security – brown

 HISTORY OF PENAL LAWS
THE PRIMITIVE ERA

Lack of Codified Laws, thus

law enforcement were based
on“barbaric practices"
Lack of Criminal Justice
System – Criminals are
judged through “Trial by
Ordeals”
Punishment were based on
the words of
kings/emperors/elders/chieft
THE EARLY CODES
1. Babylonian and
Sumerian Code
2. Roman and Greek
Code
3. The Religious Code
Babylonian and Sumerian Code
- The (Sumerian Code) 2300 B.C - set
standards on what constituted an
offense against society.
- Nearly one hundred older than Code
of Hammurabi.
- (Code of Hammurabi) 2100 B.C –
Babylonians –Code of King
Hammurabi – Principle of LEX
TALIONES ( An eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth) – oldest harsh
code.
- Prescribing savage punishment.
 The Religious Code
- The book of Deuteronomy – the fifth book in
the bible.
- Contain the basis of the Jewish laws.
- the 10 Commandments – this is the form of
the covenant between god and the people of
the Israel.
- Book of Koran - the counter part of the bible
in the Islamic countries.
Specific only on three kinds of offenses:
- Homicide
- Theft ; and
- Adultery
 Roman And Greek Code
The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae) –
represented
the earliest codification of Roman law
incorporated into the Justinian Code.
Justinian Code – wrote by Emperor Justinian
- legal code of ancient Rome
- Is the basis of many modern systems of
civil law.
“Corpus Juris Civilis” – The Body of Law
Code of Draco – Greek Code – “Ultimate
severity” (harsh code) Prosecution of
offenses in the name of the public/people.
 Burgundian Code – provide
punishment according
to social status of offenders.
Code of Kalantiao (Kalantiaw)
Promulgated in 1433 – Time of Datu
Kalantiao
Maragtas Code
Promulgated during the time of Datu
Sumakwel
SIKATUNA law
Code established by Raha Sikatuna
 CONCEPT
OF
PUNISHMEN
T
 PUNISHMENT
- It is the redress that the state
takes against an offending
member of society that usually
involves pain and suffering.
- It is also the penalty imposed to
an offender for a crime or
wrongdoing.
 DEALING WITH CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS
16th Century – Transportation of
criminals in England was authorized.
At the end of the 16th century Russia
and other European countries
followed this system. It partially
relieved overcrowding of prisons.
17th Century to late 18th
Century – Death penalty became
prevalent as a form of punishment.
 EARLY FORMS OF
PUNISHMENT
- Death (Capital Punishment)
- Physical Torture
- Banishment
- Transportation and Slavery
- Social degradation
- Other barbaric/harsh
treatments
 DEATH PENALTY
- Sentencing a convicted
person to death by
means of hanging,
burning, immersing in
boiling oil, feeding to
wild animals and other
barbaric way.
GUILLOTIN
E GAROTTE
DEATH BY DEATH BY
SAWING HANGING
FIRING
SQUAD
 2. PHYSICAL TORTURE /
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
- this is effected by
mutilation, maiming,
whipping and other
inhumane or barbaric
forms of inflicting
pain.
 FLOGGING (WHIPPING)
- has been the most common
physical punishment through the
ages.
- Roman law specified flogging as a
punishment for certain forms of
theft. It is Common in England
during the Middle Ages as
chastisement for a wide variety of
crimes; the women were flogged in
private, while men were whipped
Flogging/whipping
 CAT-O’-NINE-TAILS

• traditional form of whip consisting of

nine knotted cords fastened to a
wooden handle. CAT- got its name
from the marks it left on the body
which were like the scratches of a cat.
WHEEL
S
3. BANISHMENT OR EXILE
- the sending or putting
away of an offender which
was carried out either by
prohibition against coming
into a specified territory such
as an island to where the
offender has been removed.
BANISHMENT OR EXILE
4. Social Degradation
– the purpose of this is
to put the offender into
shame or humiliation.
This was affected by use
of stocks and pillory,
docking stool, branding,
shaving off the hair etc.
PILLORY
5. Other similar
forms of
punishment like
transportation
and slavery
 Contemporary Forms
of
Punishment
 Imprisonmen
t
 Payment of  Death
fines Penalty
 Parole  Corporal
 conditional Punishment
pardon  banishment
 Probation  community
 IMPRISONMENT

- Putting offenders in
prison for the purpose of
protecting the public and
at the same time
rehabilitating them.
 PAYMENT OF FINES
– is common to violations of
minor offense. However, there
are crimes where crimes fines
are imposed with
imprisonment.

Fine - an amount given as a

compensation for a criminal
 PAROLE
- It is the conditional
release of a prisoner after he
has served a part of his
sentence in prison under the
guidance and supervision of
a parole officer.
PAYMENT OF FINES
This is common to violation
of minor offenses.
However, there are crimes
where fines are imposed
with imprisonment.
 CONDITIONAL
PARDON
- It is an executive clemency
power to be exercise
exclusively by the chief
executive/president. The
imposition of conditions is
likewise within the discretion
of president.
 PROBATIO
N
- A disposition under which a
defendant after conviction and
sentenced is released subject
to the conditions imposed by
the court and under the
supervision of a probation
officer.
 DEATH
PENALTY

- Sentencing a
convicted person to
death especially to
those who convicted
of heinous crimes.
 CORPORAL
PUNISHMENT
- It is a kind of physical
punishment that involves the
deliberate infliction of pain as
retribution for an offense, or for
the purpose of disciplining or
reforming a wrongdoer, or to
deter attitudes or behaviour
deemed unacceptable.
 Banishment/Destierr
- o
Otherwise known as transportation,
this is carried out by sending or
putting away of an offender either by a
prohibition against coming into a
specified territory, or the prohibition
against going outside a specified
territory, such as island to where the
offender has been removed.
- The penalty of banishing a person
from the place where he committed a
crime. (25 km)
 COMMUNITY
SERVICE

- Like payment of fines,

this is commonly imposes
to those simple infraction
of laws.
 Justification
s of
Punishment
1.Retribution
2.Expiation or atonement
3.Deterrence or exemplarity
4.Protection or social defense
5.Reformation/ Rehabilitation
6.Reintegration
 RETRIBUTION

- Punishment of the
offender is carried out in
the form of personal
vengeance. It give rise to
“an eye for an eye”
philosophy.
 EXPIATION OR
ATONEMENT

- This is in the form of group

vengeance, as distinguished
from retribution, where
punishment is exacted
publicly for the purpose of
appeasing the offended
public or group.
 Deterrence or
Exemplarity
- Punishment gives
lesson to the offender
by showing to other
what would happen to
them if they violate a
law.
 INCAPACITATION AND
PROTECTION/ SOCIAL
DEFENSE

- Punishment is effected to
deprive an offender of the
ability to commit crimes
against society, usually by
detaining the offender in
prison.
 Reformation or
Rehabilitation
- it is the establishment of the
usefulness and responsibility of
the offender.

- requiring convicts to undergo an

intensive program and
rehabilitation in prison.
 REINTEGRATIO
N

- Maintaining the offender's

ties to family and the
community as a method of
reform so that he/she is able
to reenter/function in the
community upon release.
 THEORIES JUSTIFYING
IMPOSITION OF PENALTY
(PUNISHMENT

1.Prevention theory
2.Self defense Theory
3.Reformation Theory
4.Exemplary theory
5.Justice Theory
 PREVENTION THEORY

The state must punish

the criminal to prevent or
suppress the danger to
the state arising from the
criminal acts of the
offender.
 SELF DEFENSE
THEORY
The state has the right to
punish the criminal as a
measure of self-defense so
as to protect society from
the threat and wrong
inflicted by the criminal.
 REFORMATIO
N THEORY
The object of
punishment to correct
and reform the
offenders.
EXEMPLARY
THEORY
The criminal is
punished to serve as
an example to deter
others from
committing crime.
 JUSTICE THEORY

The crime must be

punished by the state as
an act of retributive justice
a vindication of absolute
right and moral law
violated by the criminal.
PENALTY AND
THE MODERN
PERIOD OF
CORRECTION
 PENALTY
- The suffering
inflicted by the state
against an offending
member for the
transgression of law.
 JURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF
PENALTY
1.Productive of Suffering
2.Commensurate with the offense
3.Personal
4.Legal
5.Certain
6.Equal
7.Correctional
 Punishment must be:
1. Productive of suffering
- Without however affecting the
integrity of human personality.
2 . Commensurate with the Offense
- Different crimes must be
punished by different penalties
3. Personal
- No one should be punished for
the crime of another.
4. Legal
– it is the consequence of
judgment according to law.
5. Equal
– equal for all persons
6. Certain
– no one must escape its
effects
7. Correctional
– it should be directed towards
rehabilitation
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
IN CORRECTION

1. Classical School
2. Neo-classical School
3. Positivist School
4. Modern Clinical School
 CLASSICAL
SCHOOL
This gives emphasis on the
crime, not on the criminal. This
assumes that every individual
has free will and knows the penal
law. It postulates that man is
rational and calculating being
who acts with reference to the
feelings of pleasure and pain.
NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

Modified the classical

theory and introduced the
concepts that mitigating
circumstances might
inhibit the exercise of free
will and that punishment
should be rehabilitative.
 POSITIVIST/ ITALIAN
SCHOOL
This rejects the classical
notion that individuals have
free will and rationally
chooses to commit crime. It
assumes that criminal
behaviour is determined by
biological, psychological and
social factors.
 MODERN CLINICAL
SCHOOL
It studies the criminal rather than
the crime. This school is interested
primarily in the personality of the
criminal himself in order to
determine the conditioning
circumstances that explain his
criminality and in order to obtain
light upon problem of how he should
be handled.
 RISE OF HUMANISTIC GOALS OF
PUNISHMENT

Classical School of Thought

Free will Doctrine – C. Beccaria
Psychological Hedonism - J. Bentham
Neo-Classical School of Thought
Children & lunatics must be free from
punishment.
Positivist/Italian School of Thought
Crime as natural phenomenon
Criminals as “sick” – Treatment v.s
Punishment
 CESARE Bonesana Marchese de
BECCARIA
(1737-1794)

- famous father of the Classical

School of thought in criminology
and law
- presented the humanistic goal
of law as a means to deal with the
criminal justice.
- Published his book entitled
“Crime and Punishment’.
 CESARE LOMBROSO
(1835-1909)
- Italian criminologist,
scientist, university
professor, prison doctor
and founder of criminal
anthropology. Founder of
Italian school of
Criminology. He was
known as the “father of
modern criminology”.
DEVELOPMENT OF
CORRECTIONAL
CONCEPTS AND
STANDARDS
 THE GALLEYS
- long, low, narrow, single decked
ships
propelled by sails, usually rowed by
criminals. A type of ship used for
transportation of criminals during the
16th century

THE HULKS
- former warships used to house
prisoners in the 18th and 19th century…
warships converted into prisons, also
called "floating hells”
 EARLY
PRISONS
Mamertine Prison –
earliest Roman place
of confinement, Rome
in 64 B.C.
Sanctuary - Asylum
that placed the
wrongdoer in
seclusion or arrest or
cities followed by
Christian church
Hospicio de San Michele – A
correction facility designed
for incorrigible boys and
youth, and included silence,
large work areas, and
separate sleeping cells.
Walnut Street Jail –
Constructed as detention jail
in Philadelphia.
first American Penitentiary
converted as a State Prison.
Bridewell Workhouse – built in
1557 in London For the
employment & housing of
English prisoners.
Maison De force – A Belgian
workhouse for Beggars and
miscreants, designed to
make a profit by an
enforced pattern of hard
work with both discipline
and silence.
Sing Sing Correctional
Facility
- A maximum security prison of
the NY State Department of
Correctional Services in the town
of Ossining, New York.
Became famous because of the
Sing Sing bath. The shower bath
was a gadget so constructed as to
drop a volume of water on the
head of a locked naked offender.
RHEM RICK CORPUZ 130
 THE RIVALRY OF PRISON
SYSTEMS
The Auburn Prison System
- “Congregate System” where
prisoners are confined in their own
cells during the night and
congregate work in shops during the
day.
The Pennsylvania Prison System
- “Solitary System” where
prisoners are confined in single cells
day and night and prisoners are
required to read bible.
> In both prison system, complete
silence was being enforced.
18th Century was a century of
change, the period of
recognizing human
dignity.

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Or known as
“THE REFORMATION ERA”
 18th

Century
Pioneers of
Reformatio
 WILLIAM PENN
Famous for founding
Pennsylvania
Advocated religious
freedom
Fought for the abolition of
DEATH penalty as a form
of punishment.
 Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755)
A French historian and philosopher who
analyzed law as an expression of justice.
He was famous for his advocacy in reforming
SLAVERY as a means of punishment.
He was famous for the theory
“separation of powers” of the
legislative, judiciary and the
executive
FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET
(Pen name VOLTAIR (1694-1778)

- was a French writer, historian

and philosopher famous for his
advocacies of civil rights including
freedom of religion.
- He was also a social reformist
who believes that
fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.
Jeremy Bentham (1746-1832)

The greatest leader in the

reform of English Criminal Law.
He believes that whatever
punishment designed to negate
whatever pleasure or pain the
criminal derives from crime,
the crime rate would go down
(Doctrine of Hedonism) - pain and
pleasure
Jeremy Bentham was also
famous for the prison design
known as PANOPTICON
PRISON.
 John Howard (1726-1790)

- Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773

who
devoted his life and fortune to
prison
reform. Thus, he gained the fame
as

"Father of Prison Reform"

-Segregation of men – women, young –
adult
-Provision of Sanitation
 MODERN PRISON SYSTEMS
•Alexander Maconochie- "Mark
System"
•Walter Crofton – "Irish Prison
System"
•Manuel Montesimos – "Inmates as
Petty Officers"
•Zebulon Brockway – "Elmira
Reformatory (The Hill)”
•Evelyn Ruggles Brise – "Borstal
Institution”
•Domets of France- “Agricultural
 "THE MARK SYSTEM"
Alexander Maconochie, SUPT. of
Penal Colony
at Norfolk Island in Australia,
introduced a progressive
humane system to substitute
for corporal punishment –
"The Mark System" - when a
prisoner earned a required
number of marks, he was given
his ticket of leave, which is the
equivalent of parole.
Maconochie also
introduced fair
disciplinary trials, built
churches, distributed
books, allowed plays to be
staged, and permitted
prisoners to tend small
gardens.
Maconochie is considered
the “Father of Parole
 "THE IRISH SYSTEM"
Sir Walter Crofton, Chairman of
the Directors of Irish prisons
(1856), introduced the Irish
System, called "the
progressive stage system."
1ST STAGE- solitary confinement
for nine months at a certain
prison for the prisoners
progress to a more interesting
work, some education, and
2ND STAGE- assignment
to the public works
where prisoner worked
his promotion through
a series of the grades,
according to a mark
system, and wore a
badge of distinction to
show his status to
3RD STAGE- the prisoner
was sent to Lurk or
Smithfield which was a
sort of preparation for
release where a prisoner
without custodial
supervision and was
expose to ordinary
temptations of freedom.
FINAL STAGE- was the
release on supervision
under conditions
equivalent to present day
parole. The important
then to remember in the
Irish system is that
Crofton attempted to
place the responsibility
for self-improvement on
 MANUEL MONTESIMOS
- He was the director of prisons at
Valencia, Spain in 1835. he divided
prisoners into companies and
appointed prisoners as petty
officers in charge; allowed the
reduction of inmates sentence by
1/3 one third for good behavior,
offer trade training to prepare the
convict for his return to society.
 DOMETS
- Established an agricultural
colony for delinquent boys in
1839. He concentrated on re-
education upon their
discharge, the boys were
placed under the supervision
of a patron.
 "THE ELMIRA REFORMATORY
SYSTEM"
(1876)SUPT. ZEBULON REED
BROCKWAY, NEW
YORK STATE REFORMATORY
AT ELMIRA
introduced in Elmira a new
institutional program for
boys from 16 to 30 years of
age.
The new prisoner was classified as
second grade and was promoted
to first grade after six months of
good behavior. Another six
months of good behavior in the
first grade qualified him for
parole. If the prisoner committed
a misconduct he was demoted to
third grade where he was
required to show good conduct
for one month before he could be
reclassified to second grade. The
Elmira system was based on the
 "Elmira had all the
elements of modern
correctional system,
and this institution is
often referred to as
the “forerunner of
modern
penology."
 "THE BORSTAL
INSTITUTION"
In England, Sir Evelyn
Ruggles Brise, Director of
English prisons, after visiting
Elmira in 1897, open a Borstal
Institution near Rochedi, in
Kent. The Borstal Institution of
England is today considered
best reform institutions for
young offenders.
GOLDEN AGE OF
PENOLOGY
(1870-1880)
 Period of
Transition
1. Alcatraz Prison – (Also
known as the “Rock”)
- A super maximum security
facility island prison for
inmates in San Francisco bay
Area and part of the U.S
Bureau of Prisons until its
closure. The U.S Bureau of
Prison abandoned this prison
as too expensive to maintain.
Known by many as The
Rock, Alcatraz Island is
located just north of
San Francisco in San
Francisco Bay. The
United States
Department of Justice
used the island as a
military prison from
1868 to 1933, and then
as a federal prison for
dangerous criminals
from 1933 until 1963.
In 1972 Alcatraz
became part of the
Golden Gate National
Recreational Area.
2. Lock Psychosis
- Term denoting overconcentration
of prison administrators with
security and community
protection, to be accomplished
through extensive use of locks,
head counts and internal control
of inmates.

3. Convict Bogey
- Irrational fear of prison inmates
who can only be managed through
 The jail and the
Bureau
of Jail
Management and
Penology
Jan. 02, 1991 – establishment
of the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology
(BJMP) under the
Department of Interior and
Local Government (DILG) for
the management of all cities,
municipalities and district
jails in the country.
 Jails
An institution for the
confinement of persons who
are awaiting final disposition of
their criminal cases and also
for the service of those
convicted and punished with
shorter sentence usually up to
three years.
 ORIGIN:
- Derived from the
Spanish word “jaula”
which means cage, from
the Spanish term
“Caula,” and from the
French term ‘Gaol”
pronounced as G’eole.
TYPES OF JAIL
1. Lock-up jail
2. Ordinary jail
3. Workhouse
jail/farms or
Camps
Lock-up jail
A security facility,
common to police
stations, used for
temporary
confinement of an
individual held for
Ordinary jail
Houses both offenders
awaiting court action and
those serving short
sentences usually up to 3
years.
 Workhouses, Jail Farms or
Camp houses minimum
custody offenders serving short
sentences or those who are
undergoing constructive work
programs. It provides full
employment of prisoners,
remedial services and
constructive leisure time
activities.
BUREAU OF JAIL
MANAGEMENT
AND PENOLOGY
(BJMP)
 BJMP
-It has the mission to
direct, supervise and control
the administration and
operation of all district, city
and municipal jails to effect
a better system of jail
management nationwide.
 R.A.
9263

- BFP and BJMP

Professionalizatio
n act of 2004.
 JAIL ADMINISTRATION
Jails - are primarily adult penal
institutions used for the
detention of law violators. Its
original function was the pre-
trial detention of persons
charged with crime. Later it
came into use for the service of
shorter sentences. Today, it
continues its dual role as a
place of detention for those
awaiting final disposition of
criminal action and the service
 JAIL VS. PRISON
JAIL - administered by local
governments such as municipality,
city or province. Furthermore, jails are
institutions for the confinement of
untried prisoners and sentenced
prisoners serving imprisonment of not
more than three years,
PRISON -are institutions for the
confinement
of sentenced prisoners serving
imprisonment of more than three
years.
 PROVINCIAL JAIL VS. BJMP
Provincial Jails - Provincial Jails in
the Philippines are not under the
jurisdiction of the Bureau of
Corrections. They are managed and
controlled by the provincial
government.
Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology
(BJMP) - The BJMP exercises
supervision and control over all
cities and municipal jails
throughout the country. The
enactment of Republic Act no.
6975 created the BJMP. It operates
 Coverage of
Supervision by the
Jail Bureau
1. City jails
2. Municipal jails
3. District jails
 Provincial Jails
- Provincial Jails in the
Philippines are not under the
jurisdiction of the Bureau of
Corrections.
- They are managed and
controlled by the Provincial
government.
 Classification of Jails
Based on Inmate
Population
Class A Jails - with 100 or
more inmates
Class B Jails - with 21-99
inmates
Class C Jails - with 1 to 20
inmates
 Organization and Key
Positions in the BJMP
The BJMP also referred to as the
Jail Bureau, was created pursuant
to section 60 to 65, Chapter V, RA
No. 6975, and initially consisting
of uniformed officers and
members of the Jail management
and Penology service as
constituted under P.D. no 765.
RA 9263 provides that the BJMP
shall be headed by a -
Chief – with the rank of Director,
assisted by -
2 Deputy Chiefs,
1 for Deputy Chief for Admin
1 for Deputy Chief for
Operations and 1 for Chief of
Directorial Staff
- All of whom carries the rank of
Chief Superintendent
- All of whom are
appointed by the
President upon the
recommendation of the
Sec. of DILG from among
the qualified officers with
the rank of at least S. Jail
Supt. in the BJMP.
- The Chief of the BJMP serves a
tour of duty that must not
exceed 4 years, unless extended
by the President in times of war
and other national emergencies.
Officers who have retired or are
within six (6) months from their
compulsory retirement age are
not qualified to be appointed as
Jail Director or designated as
BJMP Chief.
 REGIONAL OFFICE
- headed by a RD, with the rank
of at least S. Supt.
- The RD is assisted by an Asst.
RD for Administration, Asst. RD
for Operations, and Regional
Chief of Directorial Staff, who
are all officers with the rank
of at least Supt.
 Provincial Office
- headed by a Provincial
Administrator, to supervise the
implementation of jail services
of all district, city and municipal
jails within its territorial
jurisdiction.
- The PA should have a rank of
superintendent.
 District Office
- Where there are large
cities and municipalities, a
district jail with
subordinate jails, headed
by a District Warden with
the rank of Chief Inspector
in the Bureau.
City and Municipal Office
- In the city and
municipal levels, each
jail shall be headed by a
city or municipal warden,
respectively with the
rank of Chief Inspector in
the jail bureau.
POSITION RANK (UNDER RA 6975) RANK (UNDER RA 9263)
1. Municipal Jail Warden Senior Jail Inspector Senior Jail Inspector
2. City Jail Warden Senior Jail Inspector Chief Jail Inspector
3. District Jail Warden Chief Jail Inspector Jail Superintendent
4. Provincial Jail Administration Jail Superintendent Jail Superintendent
5. Asst. Regional Director for Jail Superintendent
administration
6. Asst. Regional Director for Jail Superintendent
Operation
7. Regional Chief of Directorial Jail Superintendent
Staff
8. Regional Director of JMP At Least Jail Superintendent
9. Director of the Directorate At Least Jail Superintendent
of National Headquarters
Office
10. Deputy Chief for Chief Jail Superintendent
Administration of the Jail
Bureau
11. Deputy Chief for Operation Chief Jail Superintendent
of the Jail Bureau

12. Chief of the Directorial Chief Jail Superintendent

Staff of the Jail Bureau
13. Chief of the Jail Bureau Jail Director Jail Director
 JAIL OFFICES AND OPERATING UNITS
FUNCTIONS, DUTIES AMD RESPONSIBILITIES

• OFFICE OF THE WARDEN – the warden is

responsible for direction, coordination and
control of the personnel, the inmates and the
programs of the institution.

Under the Office of the warden are the following:

1. Intelligence and Investigation Team
2. Jail Inspectorate Section
3. Public Relation Office
Intelligence and Investigation
Team – collates and submits
intelligence information to the warden
on the matters pertaining to jail
conditions.
Jail Inspectorate Section – inspect
the jail facilities, the personnel and
prisoners/detainees and submits
reports of deficiencies noted.
Public Relation Office – task with the
maintenance of good public relations to
obtain the necessary and adequate
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT
WARDEN – he undertakes the
development of a systematic
process of the treatment for this
individual inmates and determines
the degree of custody for such
individual in his capacity as
chairman of the Classification
Board. He is also automatically
serve as chair of the Disciplinary
Board.
CLASSIFICATION BOARD – is tasked
with the gathering and collating of
information and other data of every
prisoners into a case study to
determine the work assignment, type
of supervision and degree of custody
and restriction under which the an
offender must live in jail.
DISCIPLINARY BOARD – hearing
disciplinary cases involving violation
of jail rules and regulation by the
inmates.
The Classification Board for Jails
Chairman -Deputy Warden
Member - Chief, Custodial/Security
Officer
Member - Medical Officer/ Public
Health Officer
Member - Jail Chaplain
Member - Inmates Welfare and
Development
ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP – charge of
all administrative functions of the jail.
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT BRANCH –
task for the assignment of personnel,
procedures of selection, preparation of
personnel reports and individual record
files.
RECORDS AND STATISTICS BRANCH –
keep and maintain booking sheets and
arrest reports, keep an orderly record of
fingerprints and photographs, prepare
and presents statistical data inmates.
PROPERTY AND SUPPLY
BRANCH – take charge of the safe
keeping of equipment and supplies
and materials needed for the
operation of the jail.
BUDGET AND FINANCE BRANCH
– take charge of all financial
matter such as budgeting,
financing, accounting and auditing.
MESS SERVICES BRANCH –
prepare the daily menu, prepares
and cook the food and serve it to
the inmates.

GENERAL SERVICES BRANCH –

maintain and repair of jail facilities
and equipment. It is also task with
cleanliness beautification of the jail
compound.
MITTIMUS COMPUTING BRANCH
– receive court decisions and
compute the date of the full
completion of the service sentence
of inmates.
NOTE:
MITTIMUS – is a warrant issued by
the court bearing its seal and
signature of the judge or prison
authorities to receive of the
convicted offender for service of
sentence imposed therein.
SECURITY GROUP –
provides a system of sound
custody, security and
control inmates and their
movements and also
responsible to enforce
prison or jail discipline.
1. Escort/Subpoena Platoon
ESCORT SECTION – produce inmates
under proper guard, to Prosecutor’s
authority upon proper summons.
Transfer the prisoner to penal
institution on proper order of the court
or authority.
SUBPOENA SECTION – receives,
distributes, and/or serve subpoenas,
notices, orders summons and other
court processes directed to inmates
confined in jail.
2.SECURITY PLATOON
– responsible for proper system
of security and control
procedures of inmates in
confinement, and the searching
of all personnel and visitors
entering the jail compound to
check and prevent the
smuggling of contraband.
NOTES:
• Contraband was commonly described in the
past any material that might used for an
escape or used to take advantage of other
inmates. Such items as matches, money,
pornographic pictures, guns, drugs, and
tools are generally considered as
contraband. Any items can be placed on the
list of contraband if it is perceived as a
threat to orderly operation of the jail or
prison.
• At present contraband is described as any
item found on the inmate or in his
possession or in his dorm that is not
3. CUSTODIAN SECTION –
Conduct regular custodial functions
over inmates.
4. ADMITTING AND RELEASING
SECTION – part of the security
platoon. It is tasked with receiving
of persons committed to the jail
and the proper release of prisoners
who have served prison sentence
or are released on orders of
competent courts or authority.
 PROCESS OF ADMITTING
PERSON IN JAIL

1.Booking
2.Identification
3.Property Receiving and
Safekeeping
4.Briefing
REHABILITATION GROUP –
provides services and
assistance to prisoners and
their families to enable them
to solve their individual needs
and problems arising from the
prisoners’ confinement.
Correction and Rehabilitation
it’s the primary interest of this
group.
1.MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES –
provides medical and physical
examination of inmates upon
confinement, treatment of sick
inmates. Also conducts psychiatric
and psychological examination.
2.WORK AND EDUCATION THERAPY
SERVICES – in charge of the job and
educational programs needed for
rehabilitation of inmates by providing
them job incentives so they can earn
and provide support for their families
while in jail.
3. SOCIO-CULTURAL SERVICES – it takes
care of the social care of the social casework
study of the individual prisoners by making
interviews, home visits, and referral to
community resources, free legal services,
and liaison works for inmates.
4. CHAPLAINCY SERVICES – it takes care
of the religious and moral upliftment of the
inmates through religious services. This
branch caters to all religious sects.
5. GUIDANCE COUNSELLING SERVICES –
responsible for the individual and group
counselling activities to help the lead a
wholesome constructive life.
Rank Classification of the BJMP
Commissioned Officers:
• Director
• Chief Superintendent
• Senior Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Chief Inspector
• Senior Inspector
• Inspector
Non-commissioned Officers
- SJO4
- SJO3
- SJO2
- SJO1
- JO3
- JO2
- JO1
LEGAL BASIS TO CONFINE
A CONVICTED
PERSON INTO JAIL/PRISON

1.Commitment Order
2. Mittimus
 Commitment Order
- a court order
commanding a convicted
person for his
confinement to serve the
sentence inside the
jail/prison.
 Mittimus
- a court order commanding
any jail officer/administrator
to confine the convicted
person in jail/prison and
clothed him with the proper
treatment and
rehabilitations needed.
 NOTE:
Instrument of restraint such as
handcuffs, leg iron and strait jacket are
not to be applied as a form of
punishment. They shall only be used as
a precaution against escape or on the
ground of medical precautions to
prevent the offender from injuring
himself or others.
 COMMITMENT,
RECEPTION AND
TREATMENT OF
INMATES IN JAILS
INSTITUTIONAL
CUSTODY
SECURITY and
CONTROL
 DIVERSIFICATION:
CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE
Diversification
- is the principle of
separating homogenous
type of prisoners that
requires special treatment
and custody.
 Factors
Considered in
Diversification
1. Age – prisoners who are
18 years old and below
should be segregated from
the older groups.

2. Sex – females and males

are separated in separate
institutions.
3. Medical or mental
conditions

- Mentally ill, sexual deviates,

physically handicapped and
hospital patients need to be
segregated from the prison
population because each group
needs special kind of
treatment.
4. Degree of custody

- Is the most used factor

for diversification that is
the extent of strict keeping
necessary for the person in
confinement.
 THE CLASSIFICATION PROCESS

Classification
- It is a process of
determining the needs and
requirement of prisoners before
assigning them to programs
according to their needs and
existing resources.
 
 THE CLASSIFICATION
BOARD FOR JAILS
Chairman -Deputy Warden
Member - Chief, Custodial/Security
Officer
Member - Medical Officer/ Public
Health Officer
Member - Jail Chaplain
Member - Inmates Welfare and
Development
 CLASSIFICATION
PROCESS
A) Admission of Inmate - the
inmate will be temporarily
housed at the Inmate
Classification and Counseling
Unit (ICCU) in jails for a
minimum period of 30 days but
not exceeding 60 days or until
the completion of the
classification process.
B) Medical Examination
- The jail medical Officer or the
jail officer designated nurse of
the Health Unit will conduct a
thorough physical examination
on the newly committed inmate
and will note down significant
bodily marks, scars, tattoos and
lesions based on the medical
certificate presented by the
committing officer.
C) Dental Examination
- The jail dentist shall
perform a thorough dental
examination and recording
of his or her findings.
D) Psychological
Examination
- The jail psychologist-in-
charge shall conduct
psychological examination to
determine the inmate’s
psychological state at the
time of examination.
E) Social Case Study
- The jail social worker at the ICCU
shall conduct in-depth interview
with the newly admitted inmate, an
interview that considers the "who
the inmate is" from birth up to the
present including his/her familial,
educational, social, vocational and
other issues that has an impact on
his/her personality.
F. ) Assessment
- to determine the level of
violence/risk the inmate
poses, either external or
internal. This will help in the
proper classification and
segregation of inmates and in
the design of specific
development plans.
G) Psychiatric Evaluation
- the psychiatrist conducts
a psychiatric evaluation to
determine the present
mental state of the inmate
and to diagnose any
existing psychiatric illness
for further treatment.
H) Case Management
– Each inmate will be assigned to
a specific case manager. The case
manager shall be responsible for
the consolidation of all the results
and shall make the proper decision
as to the classification of the
inmates and the identification
development programs for each
inmate.
I) Inmate Orientation
and Counseling
- While undergoing
assessment, the inmate
shall be oriented on the
basic jail rules and
regulations and shall be
subjected for counseling.
J) Inmate Evaluation and
Classification
- the newly committed
inmate will now be
classified based on the
level of risk and present
physical, mental and
emotional state.
K) Proper Cell Assignment
and Development Plans
- Based on the results of the
final evaluation, the inmate
may then be assigned to the
cell that is deemed best for
his/her growth and well-being.
L)The newly committed
inmate

- is encouraged to
participate in the
recommended development
programs.
M) Monitoring
- After the inmate has been
transferred to his/her assigned cell
and has been attending the
prescribed development programs,
the case manager shall periodically
monitor, and change and enhance
inmate's development program/s
depending on his or her behavioral
progress.
 CUSTODY
- defined as guarding or penal
safekeeping.
- It involves security measures,
locking, counting routines,
procedures for searching
prisoners and their living
quarters, and prevention of
contraband to insure security
and control within the prison.
 AIMS OF INSTITUTIONAL
SECURITY, CUSTODY AND
CONTROL
1. Prevention of Escapes
2. Control of contrabands
3. Maintenance of good order

CONTRABAND – anything that is

contrary to prison or jail rules or
regulations.
 NOTE
:
- The Prison Custodial
Division/Force is in
charged of all matters
pertaining to the custody
of the prisoners and
security of the institution.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
CUSTODIAL DIVISION/FORCE:
1. supervision of prisoners
2. maintain order and
discipline
3. inspections and security
4. escort
5. keep records
 OPERATIONAL PLANS IN JAILS OR
PRISONS (SECURITY AND CONTROL)

a. Emergency Plans
b. Plans in Case of Jailbreaks and
Escapes
c. Plans for Violent Disturbances
and Riots
NOTE: (Include these in your
readings)
 1st
Group
– they composed the initial
anti-riot assault team. Their
objective is to disperse
the rioters and get their
leaders.
 2nd Group

– they serve as the back up

force for the first group, for
this purpose they are
equipped with tear gas and
gas grenades.
 3rd Group

– composed of guards
trained on proper handling and
use of firearms. They shall be
ready to fire when the lives of
the guards are in peril or on
order of the officer in
command.
 Special offenders
includes:
1. women offenders
2. drug addicts
3. Alcoholics
4. mentally ill persons
5. sex deviates
 Under Rule 5 of the BJMP
manual, it states that unusual
offenders should not be held
in jails or prison with the
common jail/prison
population. They should be
segregated in other
institutions as their temporary
detention houses.
6. escape prone
prisoner
7. suicide risk prisoners
8. the handicapped,
aged and infirmed
9. youth offenders and
10. alien inmates.
 LEAVES FROM JAIL
Leaves from jail shall be allowed
only on very meritorious cases, like
the following:

1. Death or serious illness of

spouse, father, mother,
brother or sister, children,
grandchild, and grandparent.
 The inmate is allowed to view the
remains of a deceased relative only
if the remains are within a 30
kilometer radius by road from
the confinement facility and the
actual stay of the inmate to view
the remains should not exceed 3
hours. may be granted even for more
than 30-km provided inmate can return
during daylight hours of same day.
2. Inmates who are seriously
ill/injured may be given leave for
hospitalization or medical attendance
under proper escort. However, leaves
of detention prisoners shall require
prior approval of the courts having
jurisdiction over them; provided,
however, that in cases of life and
death, the Warden, on his own
discretion, may allow an inmate’s
hospitalization/medical treatment.
 MANNER OF RELEASING
PRISONERS
A prisoner may be released by:
1. Service of sentence;
2. Order of the court
3. Parole
4. Pardon
5. Amnesty
 RELEASE ORDER

- shall bear the full name of

the inmate, the crime charged,
the number of the case, and
such other details as will
enable the releasing officer to
properly identify the inmate to
be released.
 CERTIFICATE OF
DISCHARGE

- This shall be issued

to the released
inmate by the Warden
or his authorized
representative.
 
 WHO MAY AUTHORIZE
RELEASE?
a. Supreme Court or lower
courts, in cases of acquittal
or grant of bail;
b. President of the
Philippines, in cases of
executive clemency or
amnesty;
c. Board of Pardons
and Parole, in parole
cases; and
d. Director, upon the
expiration of sentence of
the inmate .
The Bureau
of
Correction
The Philippine
Correctional
System
EARLY PRISONS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
- The formal prison
system in the
Philippines started
only during the
Spanish regime.
 1847 - The Old
Bilibid Prison was
constructed as the
main penitentiary
and designed to
house the prison
population of the
 Penitentiary – Concept:
- The term penitentiary came
from the Latin word
“penitentia” meaning
penitence, and was coined by
John Howard.
- it refers to a place where
crime and sin may be atoned
for and penitence produced.
 JUNE 25,
1865
-The Old Bilibid Prison, then
known as Carcel y Presidio
Correccional (Spanish,
"Correctional Jail and Military
Prison") occupied a rectangular
piece of land which was part of
the Mayhalique Estate in the
heart of Manila was formally
opened or established.
 In 1936 the City of
Manila exchanges its
Muntinlupa property with
the Bureau of Prisons
originally intended as a
site for boys’ training
school.
 Today, the Old Bilibid
prison is now being used as
the Manila City Jail, famous as
the “May Haligue Estate”.

1941 - the new facility was

officially named "The New
Bilibid Prison".
– Bureau of Prisons was
renamed Bureau of
Corrections under EO 292
passed during the Aquino
administration.
- It is headed by a Director
appointed by the President
of the Philippines.
THE NBP
 THE 7 CORRECTIONAL
INSTITUTION BY
THE BUREAU OF CORRECTION
1. The National Bilibid Prison
2. Correctional Institution for
Women
3. San Ramon Prison and Penal
Farm
4. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
5. Zamboanga Prison and Penal
Farm
Organization and Key
Positions of the
Bureau of Corrections
(RA 10575, “The Bureau
of Corrections Act of
2013”)
 - The BuCor shall be headed
by a Director who shall be
assisted by 3 Deputy Directors:
1 for administration, 1 for
security and operations and 1
for reformation, all of whom
shall be appointed by the
President upon the
recommendation of the
Secretary of the DOJ
 - the Director and the
Deputy Directors of the
BuCor shall serve a tour
of duty not to exceed six
(6) years from the date
of appointment.
The Head of the BuCor, with the
rank of Undersecretary, shall
have the position and title of
Director General of Corrections.

The second officers in

command of the BuCor, with
the rank of Assistant Secretary,
shall have the position and title
of Deputy Directors of
The third officer in command of the
BuCor, with the rank of Chief
Superintendent, shall have the position
and title of Corrections Chief
Superintendent.

The fourth officer in command of the

BuCor, with the rank of Senior
Superintendent, shall have the position
and title of Corrections Senior
Superintendent.
 The fifth officer in
command of the BuCor,
with the rank of
Superintendent, shall
have the position and title
of Corrections
Superintendent.
Operating units
of the Bureau
of Corrections
a. New Bilibid Prison (NBP)
- Muntinlupa City
- The NBP was established
due to the increased rate
of prisoners.
- has a land area of 552
hectares.
- The NBP houses maximum
security convicts including the
death row, the electric chair
and the lethal Injection
chamber when it was still in
use.
- It is considered as one of the
biggest prisons in the world in
terms of the number of
prisoners population.
TWO SATELLITE CAMPS
OF THE NBP
1. Camp Sampaguita (Medium
Security)
- It is where the DRD/RDC
is located
2. Camp Bukang Liwayway
(Minimum Security)
B. CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION
FOR WOMEN (CIW)
- Mandaluyong City
- It was established in 1931 by
virtue of Act 3579 passed
on November 27, 1929
- Consists of 18 hectares
- it is the one and only prison
for women in the Philippines.
 C. Penal
Farms/Coloni
es in the
Philippines
1. SAN RAMON PRISON
AND PENAL FARM
(ZAMBOANGA)
- Founded by Captain
Ramon Blanco of the
Spanish Royal Army.
- It was established for the
confinement of Muslim and
Political offenders.
- established on August 21,
1869.
- the oldest correctional
facility in the country
- Has an area of 1,246
hectares, with the principal
product of copra.
- Fishing farm
 2. IWAHIG PRISON AND
PENAL FARM
- former luhit penal
settlement
- It was from this facility that
the term “Prison Without
Walls” had its beginning
- established on the orders of
Governor Forbes.
- It has a land total area of
36,000 hectares.
- Established on Nov. 16, 1904
- It was used originally for the
confinement of incorrigibles
and intractable prisoners.
- In 1905, it was reconverted
for the confinement of well
behave and tractable
prisoners.
Four sub-colonies of
Iwahig Penal Colony

1. Inagawan Sub-colony
2. Montible Sub-colony
3. Santa lucia Sub-colony
4. Central Sub-colony
 3. DAVAO PRISON AND
PENAL FARM
-Founded by Gen. Paulino
Santos. Created by virtue of
act 3732 and Proclamation 414
series of 1931.
-Formerly known as the DaPeCol
- built on January 21, 1932.
- Located in Santo Tomas,
Davao del Norte
-Mostly devoted to abaca and
banana plantation.
-In 1942, it was used as a
concentration camp for
American Prisoners of War
- It is the main source of income
of the Bureau of Corrections.
- It consist of 18,000 hectares
 DAVAO SUB-COLONY

1.Panabo
2.Kapalong

Tanglaw Settlement – settlement

site for release prisoners who no
longer like to leave Davao.
 4. SABLAYAN PRISON
AND PENAL FARM
-Founded on Sept. 27, 1954 by
virtue of Proclamation Number
72

-It consists of 16,190 hectares

in Sablayan, Occidental,
Mindoro
 SABLAYAN PRISON AND
PENAL FARM

- one of the prisons

nearer to Metro Manila.
- Primary product is rice
that is used also to
supply the NBP
 5. Leyte Regional
Prison (Abuyog, Leyte)

- established on January 16,

1973 under proclamation 1101
during the martial law with the
aim of regionalizing prisons in
the country.
- The last penal facility to be
built by the Bureau of Prisons.
 COMMITMENT
AND
CLASSIFICATION
OF PRISONERS
OR DATAINEES
 CATEGORIES OF
INMATES

1.Prisoner – inmate who

is convicted by final
judgment

2. Detainee – inmate who

is not yet convicted.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
DETAINEES:

a.Undergoing
investigation
b.Awaiting or undergoing
trial
c.Awaiting final judgment
Classification
of Prisoners
1. INSULAR OR NATIONAL
PRISONERS

– one who is
sentenced to a
prison term of over
(3) years.
 2. City Prisoners
– those who were
sentenced to suffer an
imprisonment of less than 3
years or to pay a fine of not
more than one thousand
pesos (1,000.00) or both.
3. Provincial Prisoners
- those sentenced to
suffer a term of
imprisonment from 6
months and 1 day to 3
years or a fine not more
than 1,000 or both.
 4. MUNICIPAL
PRISONERS
– Those confined to
serve an
imprisonment of
not more than 6
CLASSIFICATION
OF PRISONERS
ACCORDING TO
DEGREE of
SECURITY
 1. SUPER MAXIMUM
SECURITY PRISONERS (NOT
APPLICABLE IN THE PHIL.)

- Composed of incorrigible,
intractable, and highly dangerous
persons who are the source of
constant disturbances even in a
maximum security prison.
- They wear orange color of
uniform.
 2. MAXIMUM SECURITY
PRISONERS
- Include highly dangerous or high
security risk who require a high
degree of control.
- Their movements are restricted and
they are not allowed to work outside
the institution but rather assigned to
industrial shops with in the prison
compound.
- They wear orange color uniform.
 WHAT IS A MAXIMUM
SECURITY FACILITY?

- A facility with thick wall

enclosures of 18 – 25 feet
high constructed with
catwalks, patrol towers
and patrol guards for day
and night.
 2. MEDIUM SECURITY
PRISONERS
- This shall include those who cannot
be trusted in less secured areas and
those whose conduct or behavior
require minimum supervision.
- They occupy the Medium Security
Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they
wear blue color of uniforms.
- Generally they are employed as
agricultural workers.
WHAT IS A MEDIUM SECURITY
INSTITUTION?
- Fences are utilized instead of
walls the structure is created for
prisoners housed in dormitories.
The specifications for construction
of 2 fences with the interior fence
approximately 12 to 14 feet high
and the outer fence 8 to 12 feet
high and they are to be raised at
least 18 feet apart.
 3. MINIMUM SECURITY
PRISONERS
-This shall include those who can
be reasonably trusted to serve
their sentences under less
restricted conditions.
- They occupy the Minimum
Security Prison (Camp Bukang
Liwayway)
- They wear brown color of
uniform.
 WHAT IS A MINIMUM SECURITY?
- This type of facility has the
main objective of keeping
civilians away and it is not
created for purposes of
preventing escape. Prisoners
are free to move about
subject to compliance to
curfew hours.
Classification of
Inmates
According to
Security Risk
1. High Risk Inmates
- those considered
as highly dangerous
or with high
probability of
escaping.
2. High Profile Inmates
- those who are not
necessarily charged with
heinous crimes but are
prominent figures in society
or public figures whose
cases have drawn public
interest.
3. HIGH VALUE TARGET (HVT)
•a target, either a resource or a
person, who may either be an
enemy combatant, high ranking
official or a civilian in danger of
capture or death, typically in
possession of critical intelligence,
data, or authority marked as an
objective for a mission and which a
commander requires for the
successful completion of the same.
 4. SECURITY THREAT GROUP
- any formal or informal ongoing
inmates’ group, gang,
organization or association
consisting of three or more
members falling into one of the
following basic categories: street
gangs, prison gangs, outlaw
gangs, traditional organized
crime, aboriginal gangs,
subversive groups and terrorist
 5. SUBVERSIVE
GROUP

a group of persons that adopts

or advocates subversive
principles or policies tending to
overthrow or undermine an
established government.
 6. TERRORIST GROUP
- a group of persons that commits any of the
following: piracy and mutiny in the high seas
or in the Philippine waters, rebellion or
insurrection, coup d’état, murder, kidnapping
and serious illegal detention, crimes involving
destruction, arson, hijacking, violation of laws
on toxic substances and hazardous and
nuclear waste control, violations of atomic
energy regulations, anti-piracy and anti-
highway robbery, illegal and unlawful
possession, manufacture, dealing in,
acquisition or disposition of firearms,
ammunitions or explosives.
 7. VIOLENT EXTREMIST
OFFENDER (VEO)
a person whose political or
religious ideologies are
considered far outside the
mainstream attitudes of the
society resorting to the
employment of violence in the
furtherance of his/her beliefs.
 8. MEDIUM RISK INMATES

- those who represent a

moderate risk to the public
and staff. These inmates still
require greater security,
control and supervision as they
might escape from and might
commit violence inside the jail.
9. MINIMUM RISK INMATES
(ORDINARY INMATES)
- those inmates who have
lesser tendencies to commit
offenses and generally pose
the least risk to public safety.
In most cases, they may be
first time offenders and are
charged with light offenses.
ADMISSION AND
CONFINEMENT OF
INMATES (BuCor)
 Safekeeping - the
custodial component of the
BuCor’s present corrections
system.
Reformation - the
rehabilitation component of
the BuCor’s present
corrections system.
 Manning Level of
the BuCor
a. custodial personnel-
to- inmate ratio = 1:7
b. reformation
personnel-to- inmate
ratio = 1:24
Operations of
the Bureau of
Corrections
A. Directorate for Reception
and Diagnostics (DRD)
(Former RDC)

Function:
- It shall receive, study and
classify inmates and detainees
committed to the BuCor.
- It shall undertake reception of
inmates
B. Security and Operations
Directorates (SOD) - provide
basic needs and security
C. Reformation Directorates -
administer reformation programs
D. Directorate for External
Relations (DER), formerly
External Relations Division (ERD) -
prepare inmates for reintegration
to mainstream society
DIRECTORATE FOR RECEPTION
AND DIAGNOSTICS (DRD)

- A unit of prison where new

prisoners undergo diagnostic
examination, study and observation
for the purpose of determining the
programs of treatment and training
best suited to their needs and the
institution to which they should be
 THE QUARANTINE
CELL OR UNIT
- A section of the RDC where
the prisoner is given thorough
physical examination including
blood test, x-rays, vaccinations,
and immunity.
- an inmate shall be placed in
quarantine for at least five (5)
days.
 After the quarantine period, the
inmate shall remain at the RDC
for a period not exceeding fifty-
five (55) days where he shall
undergo psychiatric,
psychological,sociological,vocatio
nal, educational, religious and
other examinations.
Admission
Procedure
in Prison
 1. RECEIVING
The new Prisoner is received
at the RDC. The new prisoner
usually comes from a provincial
or city jail where he was
immediately committed upon
conviction by the court, and
escorted by the escort platoon
during his transfer to the
National Prison.
 2. CHECKING OF
COMMITMENT PAPERS
– the checking of
commitment papers if they
are in order. That is, if they
contain the signature of
the judge or the signature
of the clerk of court, and
the seal of the court.
 3. ESTABLISHING
IDENTITY OF THE
PRISONER
– the prisoner’s identity is
established through the
picture and the fingerprint
appearing in the commitment
order.
- To prevent proxy
 4. SEARCHING THE PRISONER

– this step involves the

frisking of the prisoner and
searching his personal
things.
- To prevent entry of
contrabands in the prison
 5. BRIEFING AND
ORIENTATION

– the prisoner will be

briefed and oriented on
the rules and regulations
of the prison before he will
be assigned to the RDC or
the quarantine unit.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR
COMMITMENT
• Commitment Order;
• Medical Certificate;
• Complaint/Information;
• Police Booking Sheet; and
• Certificate of Detention from
PNP and/or NBI.
 The
Institutional
Treatment or
Reformation
Programs
 1. Education and
Training Program
- the cornerstone of rehabilitation.
- It is the process or result of
formal training in school or
classrooms intended to shape the
mind and attitude of prisoners
towards good living upon their
release.
 CLASSES OF PRISON
EDUCATION:

a. General and Academic

Education
b. Vocational Education
c. Physical Education
 2. WORK AND LIVELIHOOD
PROGRAMS

– purposely to eliminate
idleness on the part of
prisoners, which may
contribute to “prison stupor”,
and it affects the incidence
of prison riot.
3. Moral and Spiritual Program
– the purpose of this
program is to change
the attitudes of inmates
by inculcating religious
values or belief.
4. Sports and Recreation
Programs
5. Health and Welfare Program
6. Behavior Modification
Program, to include
Therapeutic Community/
Counseling and Casework
The reformation programs
shall be undertaken by
Professional Reformation
Personnel consisting of
Corrections Technical Officers.
Corrections Technical
Officers - are personnel
employed in the
implementation of reformation
programs.
 PREVENTIVE
IMPRISONMENT. GOOD
CONDUCT TIME
ALLOWANCE AND OTHER
STATUTORY PROVISIONS
OF CORRECTION.
 PREVENTIVE IMPRISONMENT

- Is the period of detention to be

suffered by the accused while the
criminal case against him is being
heard, either because the crime
committed is a capital offense and
not bailable, or even if the crime
committed was bailable, the
offender could not post the required
bail for his provisional liberty.
 CREDITS IN CASE THE DETAINEE
DOES NOT AGREE TO UNDERGO OF
PREVENTIVE IMPRISONMENT
- If the detention prisoner does not
agree to abide by the same
disciplinary rules imposed upon
convicted prisoners, he shall do so in
writing with the assistance of a
council and shall be credited in the
service of his sentence with four-fifths
of the time during which he has
undergone preventive imprisonment.
Notes:
- Credit for preventive imprisonment
for the penalty of reclusion perpetua
shall be deducted from thirty (30)
years.
- Whenever an accused has undergone
preventive imprisonment for a period equal
to the possible maximum imprisonment of
the offense charge to which he may be
sentenced and his case is not yet
terminated, he shall be released
immediately without prejudice to the
continuation of the trial thereof or the
proceeding on appeal if the same is under
review.
Good conduct time
allowance - is a privilege
granted to a prisoner that shall
entitle him to a deduction of
his term of imprisonment.
Under Art.97, RPC, the good
conduct of any prisoner in any
penal institution shall entitle
him to the following deduction
from the period of his
1.During the first two (2)years
of his imprisonment, he shall be
allowed a deduction of 20 days
for each month of good
behavior.

2.During the third (3rd) to the

fifth (5th) years of his
imprisonment, he shall be
allowed a deduction of 23 days
3. During the following years until
the tenth (10th) years of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed
a deduction of 25 days each
month of good behavior.

4. During the eleventh (11th)

years onwards of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed
a deduction of 30 days each
month of good behavior.
Number of years Number of days
of Imprisonment of GCTA for every
month of Good
behavior
1st two years 20 days

3rd to 5th years 23 days

6th to 10th years 25 days

11th years onwards 30 days

NOTE:
Special time allowance for
loyalty shall be granted.
A deduction of one-fifth
(1/5 )of the period of the
sentence of any prisoner
who evaded the service
of sentence under the
circumstances mentioned
in article 158 of this code
The purpose of the law in
granting a deduction of
one-fifth (1/5) of the
period of sentence is to
reward the convict’s
manifest intent of
paying his debts to
society by returning to
prison after the passing
away of the calamity.
 ART. 99. WHO GRANTS
TIME ALLOWANCES?
- Whenever lawfully justified, the
Director of Prisons (Bureau of
Corrections), the chief of the
bureau of Jail Management and
Penology and/or the warden of a
provincial, district, municipal or city
jail shall grant allowances for good
conduct. shall grant allowance for
good conduct and such allowances
once granted shall not be revoked.
Art. 125, RPC "Delay in the Delivery of
Detained Persons to the Proper Judicial
Authorities."
A felony committed by a public officer
or employee who shall detain any
person for some legal ground and shall
fail to deliver such person to the
proper judicial authorities with in the
period of:
12 hours – for crimes or offenses
punishable by light penalties,
18 hours – for crimes or offenses
punishable by correctional penalties,
36 hours – for crimes or offenses
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
VS.
DELAYING
RELEASE
 Arbitrary Detention
- is committed when the
detention of a person is
without legal ground.
The legal ground of detention
are : a)commission of a
crime, and
b) violent insanity or other
ailment requiring
compulsory requirement.
 Delaying Release

is committed by a public
officer or employee who delays
for the period of time
specified in Art 125, the
performance of any judicial or
executive order for the release
of a prisoner or unduly delays
the services of the notice of
such order to said prisoner.
 Art. 156, RPC "Delivery of
Prisoners from Jail“

A. The offender is a private

individual,

B. He removes a person
confined in jail or a penal
institution or helps in the
escape of such person,
c) The means employed are
violence, intimidation, bribery or
any other means. The prisoner
maybe a detention or sentenced
prisoner and the offender is an
outsider to the jail. If the offender
is a public officer or a private
person who has the custody of the
prisoner and who helps a prisoner
under his custody to escape, the
felony is Conniving with or
Consenting to Evasion (Art. 223)
and Escape of a Prisoner under the
Note: This offense
like other offenses of
similar nature may be
committed
through imprudence
or negligence.
 Art. 157-159, RPC "Evasion of
Service of Sentence"
1. Evasion of Service under Art
157, RPC

a)Offender is a prisoner-serving
sentence involving deprivation of
liberty by reason of final judgment.

b)He evades the service of his

sentence during the term of his
imprisonment.
(Jail breaking is synonymous with
 This felony is qualified
when the evasion takes
place by breaking doors,
windows, gates, roofs or
floors; using picklocks,
false keys, disguise,
deceit, violence,
intimidation or;
connivance with other
convicts or employees of
 2. Evasion of Service of
Sentence on the Occasion of
Disorders due to Conflagrations,
Earthquakes, or Other
Calamities (Art. 158, RPC)
a)Offender is a prisoner
serving sentence and is
confined in a penal
institution.

b)He evades his sentence

by leaving the institution.
c)He escapes on the occasion of
a disorder due to conflagration,
earthquake, explosion, or
similar catastrophe or mutiny in
which
he has not participated, and

d)He fails to give himself up to

the authorities with in 48 hours
allowing the issuance of a
proclamation by the Chief
Executive regarding the
 3. Other cases of Evasion of
Service of Sentence
(Art. 159, RPC)

The violation of any conditions

imposed to a Conditional Pardon
is a case of evasion of service of
sentence.
The effect of this is, the convict
may suffer the unexpired portion
of his original sentence Infidelity
of Public Officers
 INFIDELITY OF PUBLIC
OFFICERS
1. Infidelity in the Custody
of Prisoners through
Connivance/Collusion
(Art.223, RPC) - A felony
committed by any public
officer who shall consent
to the escape of a
prisoner in his custody or
charge.
2.Infidelity in the Custody of
Prisoners through Negligence
(Art. 224, RPC) - A felony
committed by a public officer
when the prisoner under his
custody or charge escaped
through negligence on his
part.
3.Escape of a Prisoner under
the Custody of a Person not a
Public Officer. (Art 225, RPC)
 OTHER IRREGULARITIES BY
PUBLIC
OFFICERS
1. Maltreatment of Prisoner (Art.
235, RPC)
a)Offender is a public officer or
employee
b)He overdoes himself in the
correction or handling of such
prisoner by imposition of
punishment not authorized by
regulation or by inflicting such
punishment in a cruel and
NOTE: The felony of
Physical Injuries is
committed if the accused
does not have the control
of a detained prisoner and
he maltreats him. And if
the purpose is to extort a
confession, Grave Coercion
will be committed.