Basics of Networking
What is networking
A Network is nothing but two or more
computers connected together using
wires
The main function of a network is to
facilitate the exchange of information
between the computers and share the
available resources
What is the basic requirement for
connecting two PC’s?
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3
TCP/IP
1. PC
2. Cable
3. NIC
4. Protocol
5. Address
1.Computer (PC)
Computer plays three role in a local area
network:
Clients- which use but do not provide network
resources
Peers- which both use and provide network
resources
Servers- which provide network resources
2. Media
The physical connection used to transport
the electrical signals between the N/W
devices.
Twisted pair cable
Shielded
Unshielded
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable
Twisted-pair cable
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) have a
copper braid of foil that offers good
resistance to electrical noise
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) does not
contain this aluminum shielding
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
Most commonly used in Category Three
(CAT3) or Category Five (CAT5)
RJ45 connectors are fitted on each end
of the cable
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable carrier signals of higher
frequency ranges than twisted-pair
cable, in part because the two media
are constructed quite differently
Fiber optic cable
This cable is usually
reserved for
connections
between "backbone"
devices in larger
networks
3. Network Interface Card
The NIC provides a physical connection
between the networking cable and the
computer’s internal bus
4. Protocols
To be able to communicate with each other,
N/W devices need a common language.
Whenever any computer wants to
communicate with any other computer or
entity it will adopt a set of rules agreeable to
all the computers & entities in the network.
This set of rules is called Protocol.
5. Addressing
32 bit address is used to uniquely
identify a TCP/IP host
The 32 bit IP Address is broken down
into four 8-bit fields called octets
separated by a period. Each octet
represents a number between 0 and
255.
IPv4 Address classes
Class-A: N H H H
Class-B: N N H H
Class-C: N N N H
Class-D: For Multicast
Class-E: For Research
•N=Network number assigned by IR.
•H=Host number assigned by network administrator.
Private Address Space
IANA has reserved the following three blocks of
the IP address space for private internets (RFC
1918):
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix)
24-bit block
Complete class-A network number
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix)
172.0001/0000.0.0-172.0001/1111.255.255
20-bit block
Set of 16 contiguous class-B network numbers
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix)
16-bit block
Set of 256 contiguous class-C network numbers
Types of networks
The networks are divided into two types:-
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
Network topology
The main topologies are as given below:
Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Linear Bus
A linear bus topology consists of a main
run of cable with a terminator at each
end
Star
A star topology is designed with each
node (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) connected directly to a
central network hub or concentrator
Ring
Network technology
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 supports a LAN standard
IEEE 802.3 defines two categories: baseband
and broadband
IEEE divides the baseband category into five
different standards
10Base5
10Base2
10Base-T
1Base5
100Base-T
IEEE defines only one specification for the
broadband category: 10Broad36
Access Method: CSMA/CD
Other Ethernet Networks
Switched Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
The basic components of a
network
Network Interface Card
HUB
Switches
Bridges
Routers
Gateways
Connecting devices
N/W device
1. Repeater
2. Bridges
Internetworking devices
1. Router
2. Gateway
Repeaters
Bridge
Routers
Gateways
