Introduction of

Computational Fluid Dynamics

by

Wangda Zuo
M.Sc. –Student of Computational Engineering

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
Cauerstr. 4, D-91058 Erlangen

JASS 2005, St. Petersburg

1 Title of Presentation
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

2 Contents
 Fluid
Proble Comparison
Fluid Mechanics m &Analysis

Physics of Fluid Simulation Results

Mathematic
C
Computer
s F
Navier-Stokes
Computer Program
Equations D Programmi
Numerical
Methods Geometry ng
Language
Discretized Form Grids

3 What is CFD?
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

4 Contents
 Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Cost Cheap Expensive

Time Short Long

Scale Any Small/Middle

Information All Measured Points

Repeatable All Some

Security Safe Some Dangerous

5 Why use CFD?

 Aerospace

• Aerospace
• Automotive
Biomedicine
• Biomedical
• Chemical
Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine

Automotive Temperature and natural

convection currents in the eye
following laser heating.

6 Where use CFD?

 Chemical Processing
• Aerospacee
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC(Heat Ventilation reactor vessel - prediction of flow
Air Condition) separation and residence time effects.

• Hydraulics Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine

HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation

7 Where use CFD?

 Sports Power Generation
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation
Flow around cooling towers
• Sports
Marine
• Marine

8 Where use CFD?

⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

9 Contents
⮚ Fluid = Liquid + Gas
⮚ Density ρ

⮚Viscosity μ:
resistance to flow of a
fluid

Substance Air(18ºC) Water(20ºC) Honey(20ºC)

Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190

10 Physics of Fluid
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

11 Contents
 in M out

Mass
Momentum
Energy

12 Conservation Law
 ⮚ Mass Conservation🡪 Continuity
Equation
Compressible

Incompressible

13 Navier-Stokes Equation I
 ⮚ Momentum Conservation🡪 Momentum
Equation

I : Local change with time

II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force

14 Navier-Stokes Equation II
⮚Momentum Equation for Incompressible
Fluid

15 Navier-Stokes Equation III

 ⮚ Energy Conservation🡪 Energy
Equation

I : Local energy change with time

II: Convective term
III: Pressure work
IV: Heat flux(diffusion)
V: Irreversible transfer of mechanical energy into heat

16 Navier-Stokes Equation IV
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

17 Contents
 Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations

⮚ Discretization Methods
✔ Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
✔ Finite Element
Any geometries
✔ Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries

18 Discretization
General Form of Navier-Stokes Equation

Local change with time Flux Source

Integrate over the

Control
Volume(CV)

Integral Form of Navier-Stokes

Equation

Local change Flux Over Source in CV

with time in the CV
CV Surface

19 Finite Volume I
Conservation of Finite Volume Method

A B

A B

20 Finite Volume II
 Approximation of Volume Integrals

Approximation of Surface Integrals ( Midpoint Rule)

Interpolation

Upwind

Central

21 Finite Volume III

One Control Volume

Whole Domain

Discretization of
22
Continuity Equation
⮚ FV Discretization of Incompressible N-S
Equation

Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source

⮚ Time
Discretization
Explici
t
Implici
t
Discretization of
23
Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

24 Contents
⮚ Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
– only for simple domains

⮚ Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
– irregular data structure

⮚ Block Structured
Grid

25 Grids
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

26 Contents
⮚ Typical Boundary Conditions
No-slip(Wall), Axisymmetric, Inlet, Outlet, Periodic

No-slip walls: u=0,v=0

Inlet Outlet, du/dx=0

,u=c,v=0
r
dv/dy=0,dp/dx=0
v=0,
o x dp/dr=0,du/dr=0 Periodic boundary condition
Axisymmetri
in spanwise direction of an
c
airfoil

27 Boundary Conditions
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

28 Contents
⮚ Solvers
✔ Direct: Cramer’s rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition
✔ Iterative: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR method

⮚ Numerical Parameters
✔ Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
✔ Multigrid, Parallelization
✔ Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
✔ Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
✔ Single/double precisions

Solver and Numerical

29
Parameters
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

30 Contents
⮚ Backward-Facing
Step

Wall

Wall

31 Case Study
 Thank you for your
attention!

32