Introduction of
Computational Fluid Dynamics
by
Wangda Zuo
M.Sc. –Student of Computational Engineering
Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik
FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
Cauerstr. 4, D-91058 Erlangen
JASS 2005, St. Petersburg
1 Title of Presentation
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
2 Contents
Fluid
Proble Comparison
Fluid Mechanics m &Analysis
Physics of Fluid Simulation Results
Mathematic
C
Computer
s F
Navier-Stokes
Computer Program
Equations D Programmi
Numerical
Methods Geometry ng
Language
Discretized Form Grids
3 What is CFD?
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
4 Contents
Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Cost Cheap Expensive
Time Short Long
Scale Any Small/Middle
Information All Measured Points
Repeatable All Some
Security Safe Some Dangerous
5 Why use CFD?
Aerospace
• Aerospace
• Automotive
Biomedicine
• Biomedical
• Chemical
Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine
Automotive Temperature and natural
convection currents in the eye
following laser heating.
6 Where use CFD?
Chemical Processing
• Aerospacee
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC(Heat Ventilation reactor vessel - prediction of flow
Air Condition) separation and residence time effects.
• Hydraulics Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine
HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation
7 Where use CFD?
Sports Power Generation
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation
Flow around cooling towers
• Sports
Marine
• Marine
8 Where use CFD?
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
9 Contents
⮚ Fluid = Liquid + Gas
⮚ Density ρ
⮚Viscosity μ:
resistance to flow of a
fluid
Substance Air(18ºC) Water(20ºC) Honey(20ºC)
Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190
10 Physics of Fluid
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
11 Contents
in M out
Mass
Momentum
Energy
12 Conservation Law
⮚ Mass Conservation🡪 Continuity
Equation
Compressible
Incompressible
13 Navier-Stokes Equation I
⮚ Momentum Conservation🡪 Momentum
Equation
I : Local change with time
II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force
14 Navier-Stokes Equation II
⮚Momentum Equation for Incompressible
Fluid
15 Navier-Stokes Equation III
⮚ Energy Conservation🡪 Energy
Equation
I : Local energy change with time
II: Convective term
III: Pressure work
IV: Heat flux(diffusion)
V: Irreversible transfer of mechanical energy into heat
16 Navier-Stokes Equation IV
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
17 Contents
Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations
⮚ Discretization Methods
✔ Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
✔ Finite Element
Any geometries
✔ Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries
18 Discretization
General Form of Navier-Stokes Equation
Local change with time Flux Source
Integrate over the
Control
Volume(CV)
Integral Form of Navier-Stokes
Equation
Local change Flux Over Source in CV
with time in the CV
CV Surface
19 Finite Volume I
Conservation of Finite Volume Method
A B
A B
20 Finite Volume II
Approximation of Volume Integrals
Approximation of Surface Integrals ( Midpoint Rule)
Interpolation
Upwind
Central
21 Finite Volume III
One Control Volume
Whole Domain
Discretization of
22
Continuity Equation
⮚ FV Discretization of Incompressible N-S
Equation
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source
⮚ Time
Discretization
Explici
t
Implici
t
Discretization of
23
Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
24 Contents
⮚ Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
– only for simple domains
⮚ Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
– irregular data structure
⮚ Block Structured
Grid
25 Grids
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
26 Contents
⮚ Typical Boundary Conditions
No-slip(Wall), Axisymmetric, Inlet, Outlet, Periodic
No-slip walls: u=0,v=0
Inlet Outlet, du/dx=0
,u=c,v=0
r
dv/dy=0,dp/dx=0
v=0,
o x dp/dr=0,du/dr=0 Periodic boundary condition
Axisymmetri
in spanwise direction of an
c
airfoil
27 Boundary Conditions
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
28 Contents
⮚ Solvers
✔ Direct: Cramer’s rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition
✔ Iterative: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR method
⮚ Numerical Parameters
✔ Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
✔ Multigrid, Parallelization
✔ Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
✔ Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
✔ Single/double precisions
Solver and Numerical
29
Parameters
⮚ What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
⮚ Why and where use CFD?
⮚ Physics of Fluid
⮚ Navier-Stokes Equation
⮚ Numerical Discretization
⮚ Grids
⮚ Boundary Conditions
⮚ Numerical Staff
⮚ Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
30 Contents
⮚ Backward-Facing
Step
Wall
Wall
31 Case Study
Thank you for your
attention!
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