Lithium-Ion Battery

Presented by: Yemna Badar

Cathodes, Anodes, Electrolytes,
Applications, Advantages & brief History
 What is a Li Ion Battery?
Definition
Two or more Li ion cells, electrically interconnected, each of which contains
two electrodes and an electrolyte. The redox reaction that occur at these
electrodes convert electrochemical energy into electrical energy.
LIB are used in our smartphones laptops, Electric vehicles and bikes.
 Li-Ion Batteries;
Basic Construction
The Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is constructed by connected basic Li-ion cells
• In parallel (to increase current)
• In series (to increase voltage)
• Or in combined configurations. Multiple battery cells can be integrated into a
module. For e.g.; 85kwh battery pack in a typical tesla car contains 7104
cells.
Key Components of Lithium-ion Batteries:
• The Basic Key Components of LIBs are given below:
I. Non-Aqueous Electrolyte. ( which is a polymer gel or a ceramic electrolyte)
II. A Positive Electrode (also known as Cathode; which is made up of Lithium
metal oxide i.e, LiCoO2 & LiMn2O2)
III. A Negative Electrode ( also called Anode; where the Li+ ions are stored during
battery charging and released during battery discharging. An anode is a
carbonaceous material which is a layered graphite).
IV. A separator. (The two electrodes are isolated from each other by a separator
which allows the exchange of Li ions but no electrons)
 Cathodes
In a LIB mostly the anode is same in all Li-ion cells. But the
difference is in its cathode material. Various Cathode material
of a LIB is briefly discussed over here.
 Cathodes
In commercial cells, a wide range of positive electrode materials have been developed over the
years, based on Lithium salts containing transition metals such as Ni+2, Co+2 and Fe+3.
• Various cathode materials are used in LIBs as cathode. These are:
i. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)
ii. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
iii. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMnO2)
iv. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)
v. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)
vi. Lithium Titanate Oxide (LiTi5O12)
 Cathodes
• LiCoO2 and LiFePO4 batteries are mostly used because of their wide
applications
• LiCoO2 is stable in air and can easily be manufactured. Its practical and
theoretical capacity is 140 and 274 mAh/g respectively. But its disadvantage
is high material cost and Co+2 toxicity.
• Therefore, LiFePO4 batteries are gaining attention because of low cost and
low environmental impact.
 Applications & Uses of various
cathodes
• Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)  Used in Laptops and smartphones
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)  Portable devices, EVs
• Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMnO2)  Used in Power Tools, Medical devices, Electric
Power trains
• Lithium Nickle Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)  Medical devices, industrial, E-
Trains
• Lithium Titanate (LiTi5O12)  Polar regions weather stations, Space crafts Satellites.
• Lithium Nickle Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) E-bikes, medical devices, EVs
mostly used by tesla in its Powerpacks and grid energy storage.
 Anodes
Till now, Anode materials are extensively investigated because the
electrochemical properties depend upon selection of anode.
 As an Anode, Carbonaceous anode is widely used in LIBs.
 Graphite carbon with layered structure using as anode material because it
facilitates Li ions movement in and out.
 Nowadays, Silicon is replacing Carbon.
 Electrolytes
• In commercial LIB, a Liquid electrolyte is used which is a solution of
Lithium salts in organic solvents. Various organic solvents used are:
i. THF
ii. Propylene carbonate
iii. Ethylene carbonate
iv. Dimethyl carbonate
v. Ethyl Methyl carbonate.
 Electrolytes

• Various Lithium Salts which are used are: • Nowadays Solid-Polymer Electrolytes
i. LiPF6 are using worldwide.
ii. LiBF4 • Solid Polymer electrolytes are
iii. LiAsF6 solid solutions of alkali metal
iv. LiClO4 salts in polymers.
v. LiCF3So3 • These non-Aqueous Electrolytes are used to
facilitate the ionic conduction of Li ions
• Other types of electrolytes are Polymer Gel and between the two electrodes.
ceramic electrolytes.
• Polymer electrolytes are polyacryonitrile, PVC,
PVF and poly(methylmethacrylate)
 Separators
• Separators avoid direct physical contact between anode and cathode.
• It prevent short circuits.
• It allows Li ions in the electrolyte to pass through it but not the electrons.
• It must be chemically stable, inert and robust.
Basic
Working
 Intercalation &
De intercalation

Intercalation is when charged

ions of an element can be held
inside the structure of host
material without significantly
disturbing it.
De intercalation is its opposite
process.
 Working of LIB
• A Lithium-ion battery starts its life in a state of full-discharge all its lithium
ions are intercalated within the cathode and its chemistry doesn’t yet have the
ability to produce any electricity.
• Before you can use the battery, you need to charge it.
• As, the battery is charged, an oxidation reaction occurs at the cathode,
meaning that it loses some negatively charged electrons.
• To maintain the charge balance in the cathode, an equal number of some of
the positively charged intercalated lithium ions are dissolved into the
electrolyte solution.
 Principle working
• These travel over to the anode, where they are intercalated within the graphite.
• This intercalation reaction also deposits electrons into the graphite anode, to tie up the
lithium ion.
• During discharge, the Lithium ions are deintercalated from the anode and travel back
through the electrolyte to the cathode.
• This also releases the electrons and these flow occurs through an external wire, providing
the electric current that we used to do work.
• It’s the connection of external wire that enables the reaction to proceed. When the electrons
are free to travel the positively charged lithium ions balance the movement of negative
charge.
Charging & Discharging
Cell Reaction
 History of LIBs and its Commercial
Production
• The first rechargeable battery was reported by Whittingham in 1976.
• Later on, In 1980, John Goodenough first proposed to use LiCoO2 as high
energy and high voltage cathode materials.
• In 1987, Yoshino et al, filed a patent and built a cell using carbonaceous
anode and discharged LiCoO2 as cathode. This battery design enabled large
scale manufacturing of LIBs in early 1990s.
• Commercial production on Li-Ion Battery was started from 1991.
History of LIBs and its Commercial Production

• This battery was commercialized by SONY and after further development

Asahi Kesai team established A&TB Corporation in 1992, which is the joint
company with TOSHIBA group and started commercial production of LIB.
• It was tremendous success and supported revolution of personal mobile
electronic devices.
• After that, Goodenough in 1996 introduced LiFePO4 batteries by using
low-cost cathode of LiFePO4.
 Performance of LIBs can be evaluated by:

• Specific energy
• Volumetric Energy
• Specific Capacity
• Charge/Discharge Capacity
• Cyclability
• Safety abuse tolerance
 Properties Li-Ion Lead- Acid Ni-Cd Ni-MH

Cell Voltage (V) 3.6 2 1.2 1.2

Specific Energy 3-100 1-60 20-55 1-80
(Wh/Kg)
Specific Power 100-1000 <300 150-300 <200
(W/Kg)
Energy Density 80-200 25-60 25 70-100
(KWh/m3)
Power Density 0.4-2 <0.6 0.125 1.5-4
(MW/m3)
Maximum Cycles 3000 200-700 500-1000 600-1000
Cost (S/KWh) 1100 200 600 1000
Efficiency (%) 99 75-90 75 81
Advantages of LIBs over other batteries
• Li-ion battery is a high energy density battery (2 x Ni-Cd Battery)
• It is a rechargeable battery
• It has no memory effect. No need to discharge them completely before recharging
• Li-ion battery is very stable at ambient atmosphere
• Li-ion battery has very high redox potential, over 4V via Li+/Li .
• Lithium ion Batteries now sing worldwide as a cheapest form of battery due to its
various advantages over Ni-Cd Battery, Ni-H Battery and Lead acid battery
 Thank You
For your Attention 