Advanced Assembly
Chapter 6
The AVR microcontroller
and embedded
systems
using assembly and c
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Topics
Assembler directives
Addressing modes
Macro
EEPROM memory
Checksum
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Some Assembler directives
Example
+ LDI R20,5+3 ;LDI R20,8
- LDI R30,9-3 ;LDI R30,6
* LDI R25,5*7 ;LDI R25,35
/ LDI R19,8/2 ;LDI R19,4
Example
& LDI R20,0x50&0x10 ;LDI R20,0x10
| LDI R25,0x50|0x1 ;LDI R25,0x51
^ LDI R23,0x50^0x10 ;LDI R23,0x40
Example
<< LDI R16, 0x10<<1 ;LDI R16,0x20
>> LDI R16, 0x8 >>2 ;LDI R16,0x2
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
HIGH and LOW
LDI R20, LOW(0x1234) LDI R20, $34
$1234
LDI R21, HIGH(0x1234) LDI R21, $12
HIGH LOW
LDI R20, LOW(-200) LDI R20, $38
LDI R21, HIGH(-200) LDI R21, $FF
-200 = $FF38
HIGH LOW
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Single Register Addressing Mode
Single Register Addressing Mode
INC Rd
INC R19
DEC Rd
DEC R23 ;R23 = R23 – 1
12 bits 4 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Rd 0
31
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Immediate Addressing Mode
(Single register with immediate)
4 bits 8 bits 4 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Immediate Rd 0
LDI Rd,K
d
LDI R19,25
31
SUBI Rd,K
SUBI R23,5 ;R23 = R23 – 5
ANDI Rd,K
ANDI R21,0x15
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Two-register addressing mode
6 bits 5 bits 5 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Rr Rd 0
31
ADD Rd,Rr
ADD R26,R23
SUB Rd,Rr
LDI R20,R10
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Direct addressing mode
LDS Rd,address STS address,Rs
LDS R19,0x313 STS 0x95,R19
31 20 19 16 Data Space
Op. Code Rr/Rd 0
Data Address
15 0
Note: RAMEND has been used to
represent the highest location in
RAMEND
data space.
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
I/O direct addressing mode
OUT address, Rs IN Rs,address
OUT 0x70,R16 IN R19,0x90
I/O Memory
15 5 0 0
Op. Code Rr/Rd A
63
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Register indirect addressing mode
LD Rd,X Data Space
0
LD R24,X
15 0
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
LD R19,Y
LD R20,Z
Note: RAMEND has been used to represent
the highest location in data space. RAMEND
ST X,Rd
ST X,R18 15 XH XL 0
ST Y,R20 X – register : 7 0 7 0
R27 R26
15 YH YL 0
Y – register : 7 0 7 0
R29 R28
15 ZH ZL 0
Z – register : 7 0 7 0
R31 R30
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Example
Write a program to copy the value $55 into
memory locations $140 to $144
LDI R19,0x5 ;R19 = 5 (R19 for counter)
LDI R16,0x55 ;load R16 with value 0x55 (value to be copied)
LDI YL,0x40
YL,0x40 ;load the LDI
low byte of Y with value 0x40
YL,LOW(0x140)
LDI YH,0x1
YH,0x1 ;load the LDI
highYH,HIGH(0x140)
byte of Y with value 0x1
L1: ST Y,R16 ;copy R16 to memory location 0x140
INC YL ;increment the low byte of Y
DEC R19 ;decrement the counter
BRNE L1 ;loop until counter = zero
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Auto-increment and Auto decrement
Register indirect addressing with Post-increment
LD Rd, X+ 15
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
0 Data Space
0
LD R20,X+
ST X+, Rs 1 +
ST X+, R8 RAMEND
Register indirect addressing with Pre-decrement
LD Rd, -X 15
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
0 Data Space
0
LD R19,-X
+
ST –X,R31
-1
RAMEND
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Example
Write a program to copy the value $55 into
memory locations $140 to $144
LDI R19,0x5 ;R19 = 5 (R19 for counter)
LDI R16,0x55 ;load R16 with value 0x55 (value to be copied)
LDI YL,LOW($140) ;load the low byte of Y with value 0x40
LDI YH,HIGH($140) ;load the high byte of Y with value 0x1
L1: ST Y+,R16 ;copy R16 to memory location Y
DEC R19 ;decrement the counter
BRNE L1 ;loop until counter = zero
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Register indirect with displacement
STD Z+q,Rr ;store Rr into location Z+q
STD Z+5,R20 ;store R20 in location Z+5
LDD Rd, Z+q ;load from Z+q into Rd
LDD R20, Z+8 ;load from Z+8 into R20
15 0 Data Space
Y OR Z - REGISTER 0
+
15
Op. Rr/Rd q
15 10 6 5 0
RAMEND
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Storing fixed data in flash memory
DATA1: .DB 28 ;DECIMAL(1C in hex)
DATA2: .DB 0b00110101 ;BINARY (35 in hex)
DATA3: .DB 0x39 ;HEX
DATA4: .DB 'Y' ;single ASCII char
DATA6: .DB "Hello ALI" ;ASCII string
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Storing fixed data in flash memory
LPM Rd, Z
Program Memory
15 10
LSB
0
Z - REGISTER
LPM R15, Z 15
Example:
LDI R30,0x80
LDI R31,0
FLASHEND
15
Low High Address Low High 8 Address
7 0
LPM R18,Z ;read from the low byte of loc 0x40
0000 0000 0000 0000 $0000
0000 0000 0000 0001 $0001 $0000
0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0010 $0002
0000 0000 0000 0011 $0003 $0001
0000 0000 0000 0001
LPM Rd, Z+
0000 0000 0000 0100
0000 0000 0000 0110
0000 0000 0000 0101
0000 0000 0000 0111
0000 0000 0000 0010
0000 0000 0000 0011
$0004
$0006
$0005
$0007
$0002
$0003
LPM R20,Z
0000 0000 0000 1000
0000 0000 0000 1010
0000 0000 0000 1001
0000 0000 0000 1011
0000 0000 0000 0100
0000 0000 0000 0101
$0008
$000A
$0009
$000B
$0004
$0005
…..
…..
1111 1111 1111 1100 1111 1111 1111 1101 0111 1111 1111 1110 $FFFC $FFFD $7FFE
1111 1111 1111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1111 0111 1111 1111 1111 $FFFE $FFFF $7FFF
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Example
Analyze the following program; then rewrite it using LPM R20,Z+
.ORG $0000 ;burn into ROM starting at 0
LDI R20,0xFF
OUT DDRB,R20 ;make PB an output
LDI ZL, LOW(MYDATA<<1) ;ZL = 0 look-up table low-byte addr
LDI ZH,HIGH(MYDATA<<1) ;ZH = 0A look-up table high-byte addr
LPM R20,Z LPM R20,Z+
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send itOUT
to Port B
PORTB,R20
INC ZL ;R30 = 01 pointing to next byte (A01)
LPM R20,Z ;load R20
LPMwith 'S' char pointed to by Z
R20,Z+
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send itOUT
to Port B
PORTB,R20
INC ZL ;R30 = 02 pointing to next (A02)
LPM R20,Z ;load R20 with 'A' char pointed to by Z
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send it to Port B
HERE: RJMP HERE ;stay here forever
;data is burned into code(program) space starting at $500
.ORG $500
MYDATA: .DB "USA"
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Example
Assume that ROM space starting at $500 contains the
message “The Promise of World Peace”. Write a program
to bring it into CPU one byte at a time and place the
bytes in RAM locations starting at $140.
.ORG 0 ;burn into ROM starting at 0
LDI ZL, LOW(MYDATA<<1) ;R30 = 00 low-byte addr
LDI ZH, HIGH(MYDATA<<1) ;R31 = 0A, high-byte addr
LDI XL, LOW(0x140) ;R26 = 40, low-byte RAM address
LDI XH, HIGH(0x140) ;R27 = 1, high-byte RAM address
AGAIN: LPM R16, Z+ ;read the table, then increment Z
CPI R16,0 ;compare R16 with 0
BREQ END ;exit if end of string
ST X+, R16 ;store R16 in RAM and inc X
RJMP AGAIN
END: RJMP END
.ORG 0x500 ;data burned starting at 0x500
MYDATA: .DB "The Promise of World Peace",0
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Macro
.MACRO INITSTACK
LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)
OUT SPH,R16
LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)
OUT SPL,R16
.ENDMACRO
INITSTACK
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Macro
.MACRO LOADIO
LDIR20,@1
OUT @0,R20
.ENDMACRO
LOADIO DDRB,0xFF
LOADIO PORTB,0x55
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
EEPROM
EEPROM is a place to store data. It is not deleted
EEPROM Address Register
EEPROM Data Register
when power
Bit 15isEEPROM
off
14 13 Control
12 11Register
10 9 8
EEARH - - - - - - EEAR9 EEAR8
ATmega32
EEARL has 1024 bytes of EEPROM
EEAR7 EEAR6 EEAR5 EEAR4 EEAR3 EEAR2 EEAR1 EEAR0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
In AVR 3 registers are dedicated to EEPROM
EEARH:EEARL
EEDR EECR
EECR 15 0 0
EEARH EEARL
EEDR
1023
EEPROM
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Reading from EEPROM
1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional)
3. Set EERE to one.
4. Read EEPROM data from EEDR.
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Writing into EEPROM
1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR
(optional).
3. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional).
4. Set EEMWE bit to one.
5. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMWE,
set EEWE to one.
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Checksum
To detect data corruption
Calculating checksum byte:
Add the bytes together and drop the carries
Take the 2’s complement of the total sum
Testing checksum
Add the bytes together and drop the carries
Add the checksum byte to the sum
If the result is not zero, data is corrupted
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Example
Find the checksum byte for the followings:
$25, $62, $3F, $52
Solution:
$25
+ $62
+ $3F
+ $52
$1 18
Checksum byte = 2’s complement of $18 = $E8
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Example
The checksum byte is $E8. Test checksum for the
following data:
$25, $62, $3F, $52
Solution:
$25
+ $62
+ $3F
+ $52
+ $E8
$00 not corrupted
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
