HIGHWAY DRAINAGE

& SLOPE PROTECTION

HIGHWAY DRAINAGE & SLOPE PROTECTION

 DRAINAGE
 HYDROLOGY
 DRAINAGE ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
 DRAINING THE HIGHWAY
 MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH BASINS
 CHANNELS AND CULVERTS
 STABILIZATION OF UNSUPPORTED SLOPE
 IMPROVING THE STABILITY OF SLOPE
 RETAINING WALL
 HIGHWAY BRIDGES
 Drainage
Drainage is define as the means of
collecting, transporting, and
disposing of surface water originating
in or near the right of way, of
flowing in stream crossings or
bordering the right of way.
 Hydraulic Design that deals with
estimating the highest rate of run-
off to be handled.
 Hydraulic Design that deals with
the selection of the kinds and
sizes of the drainage facilities
that is most economical to
accommodate the estimated water
flow.
 Erosion Control is to ascertain the
design will not create erosion or
other unacceptable environmental
conditions.
Importance of Highway Drainage

 Prevent Flooding, ponding and seepage

 Prevent damage to the Highway Structures
 Permit the maximum use of roadway
 Keep underlying structures as dry as possible
 Protect Natural resources
 Protect abutting property from physical damage
 Prevent injury or damage caused by hazardous surface water
 A typical highway drainage system includes conveyances of all types:
gutters, drains, ditches, culverts, storm sewers, and other miscellaneous
drainage structures.

GUTTER & DRAINS DITCHES

CULVERTS STORM SEWERS

 HYDROLOGY

Hydrology is that branch of physical geography that deals

with water of the earth. The branch of hydrology that concern
highway engineers are:
 The frequency and intensity of precipitation.
 The frequencies that this precipitation brings the highest
run-off which are equal or exceeded critical values.
 The distribution of precipitation throughout the seasons
that influences water behaviour affecting the highway
surfaces.
 The prediction regarding water rainfalls or run-off from
gathered statistical approaches, formula, or simulated
methods based on the laws of probability.
 Cardinal Rules on Drainage Design
1.) As much as possible, any existing drainage system
patterns and soil cover should not be disturbed.
2.) Necessary changes in the drainage patterns should not in
any manner bring velocities that may create new erosion
problems.

Non-observance of these simple rules have created many

serious problems in the past, and worse, the people put their
blame on those who were not involve in making the highways
very unsightly.
DRAINAGE ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

The term economy in drainage system, simply means finding

the solution to a problem that is cheapest in the long run
under the following conditions:
 Determine the estimated initial investment cost.
 Consider the maintenance cost or outlay.
 Consider anticipated loss and damage for each solution.
For major highways, projections might prove that drainage
facilities should accommodate a 50 year flood, whereas, the
design based on a 5 year flood is reasonable for a low volume
rural roads.
 DRAINING THE HIGHWAY
DRAINAGE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 Road Slope must be thin enough
 Unprotected Slope
 Sagged Vertical Curves
 Retaining the water
 A crown Ditch or intercepting Channel
 Surface should not be disturbed
 The Channel or Canal
 Scouring must be controlled
MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH BASINS
MANHOLES
 Manhole, Inlets and catch basins are classified under Item 502
of the DPWH standard specification which includes construction,
reconstruction or adjustment of Manholes, Inlets and Catch Basins.
Material Requirements
 Corrugated Metal Units.
 Bricks from clay or shale
 Joint mortar mixture
 Frames, gratings, covers and ladder rungs
Construction Requirements
 Concrete construction must conform to the requirement for Item
405-Structureal Concrete. Metal frames should be set in full
mortar bed and pipe sections flushed on the inside of the
structure wall projected outside sufficiently for proper
connections with the next pipe sections.
 Masonry shall fit neatly and tightly around the pipe
 When grade adjustment or existing structure specified, the
frames, covers and gratings are removed and then reset to the
specified elevation.
 Upon completion, each structure should be cleaned of any
accumulation of silts, debris or foreign matters of any kind
until final acceptance of the work.
 CHANNEL
The purpose in designing a channel is
to determine the cross section of the
canal that will accommodate water flow
smoothly and cheapest to construct and
maintain.
 Side slope with a ratio of 2:1 or even
flatter is most acceptable, except on
rock or other hard materials where
channels are lined. For unlined or
unfinished channel surface, the best
cross section requires the least total
excavation.
 The design of crown ditches, gutters,
stream channels and culverts flowing
partially or fully, are based on the
principles of flow in an open canal.
 For uniform flow of Channel, the relationship is
expressed by MANNING FORMULA
Q= VA
= (AR 2 S1/2)
N x 3
Where:
Q= Quantity of discharge in meter per second
R= Hydraulic radius in meter. This is the area of the flow
across section divided by the wetted perimeter.
A= Area of the flow cross section in square meter
S= slope of the channel
N= Manning roughness coefficient
TABLE 1 REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT n, VARIOUS CHANNEL LININGS

Types of Lining Value of n

Ordinary earth, smooth gravel 0.02
Rough rubble or jagged rock 0.04
Rough concrete 0.02
Bituminous Lining 0.02
Smooth Rubble 0.02
Well maintained grass-depth of flow over 15 cm 0.04
Well maintained grass-depth of flow under 15 cm 0.06
Heavy grass 0.10
 CULVERTS
Culverts is a structure that allows water to flow under the road
obstruction from one side to another.

Pipe Culverts Elliptical Culverts

Pipe Arch Culverts Box Culverts

Bridge Culverts
Installation of Culverts
 Culverts are installed in the original bed of stream with their slope
and flow line conforming to the natural channel or canal.
 In mountainous or rolling terrain, departure from channel alignment,
either upstream or downstream may divert the current flow to one side
of a channel.
 Culverts on skewed channel are relatively longer and costly.
 Inverted siphons should be avoided whenever the water carries sediments
of debris.
 Stagnant water trapped inside the culverts sag is highly of
objectionable that must avoided.
 Most culverts starts upstream with headwalls and terminate downstream
with end wall.
 Hydraulically the head walls and end walls functions separately but
both retain the embankment and protect it from watch out.
 In most cases, cut-off wall is extended to the level of expected scour.
 The use of small pipe and wall and sometimes headwall is being
discourage because they are hydraulically inefficient as entrances.
 The L type headwall create a serious hazard, thus gutter inlet with
grate cover is recommended.
 A wing type wall is recommended for large culverts.
STABILIZING THE UNSUPPORTED SLOPE
An existing earth slope that have been stable can experience
significant movement called slope failure or landslide due to the
following physical changes:

Changes in natural conditions may be the result from:

 Occurrence of earthquake.
 Subsidence of underground cavern.
 Erosion.
 Slope weakening due to the development of cracks or shrinkage
cracks that are followed by water intrusions.
 Variations in the elevation of ground water or changes in the slope
subsurface flow that create new seepage forces.
 Weakening of buried soil or rock seams due to ground water flow or
chemical leaching.
Changes induced by Man
 Increased loading on slope or near its crest.
 Removal of earth below the tow of a slope.
 Removal of materials from slope making it steeper.
 Topographic modification like earth moving, excavations,
change in elevation from one area to another which may
create slope failure.
IMPROVING THE STABILITY OF SLOPE

Procedures adopted in the past which have been successful

in improving the stability of slopes are the following:
 Reducing a mass or loadings
 Improving the Shear strength of the earth
 Consider the characteristics of soil in the slope like:
 The thickness and Depth
 The ground water conditions
 The spaces available for changes
 The Topographical conditions
 Flattening of the slope
 Placement of beam below the toe of the slope
 Protective rock fill blanket and riprap can be installed
 The stone subsurface water and intercept surface water should be
lowered.
 The shear strength of the slope material can be improved through
densification.
 Shear strength could also be improved through consolidation and water
content reduction.
 Grouting and injection methods could be utilized where the weak
condition is critical.
 Pile driving, sheet piling or retaining walls are utilized to provide
lateral support.
 Improvement and protective methods such as slope flattening and
drainage control
 RETAINING WALL
A good retaining wall design must
conform to the following requirements:
 The base and stem of the retaining
wall must be capable of resisting the
internal shear and bending moments
developing as a result of soil and
other loading.
 The wall must be safe against
overturning.
 The wall structure must be safe
against sliding.
 The bearing capacity of the foundation
material supporting the wall must not
be exceeded.
 TWO KINDS OF RETAINING WALL

1.) Permeable Walls

a.) Gravity Block Walls
b.)Sleeper Walls
c.)Gabions

2.) Impermeable Walls

a.)Reinforced concrete walls
b.)Block work or brickwork walls
c.)Sleeper walls
ITEM 509 GABION
A gabion is a cage, cylinder,
or box filled with rocks, concrete,
or sometimes sand and soil for use
in civil engineering, road
building, military applications and
landscaping. For erosion control,
caged riprap is used.
REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Hydraulic Problems
 There must be available stream record that provides the usual
method of estimating water discharges under the bridge.
 Analysis of the channel relationship as to
a.)peak flow
b.)water way opening
c.)water surface elevation
 The degree of contraction of the flowing water in the channel
approach.
 Final structure proportions and required channel modifications
based on the studies.
 Effect of bridge opening and approaches that might cause flood to
adjacent properties.
 Economic, legal and social implications where cooperative planning
with all affected groups and agencies is necessary.
 Where the bridge is to rest on eroding streambed scouring is the
primary concern.
 Recent findings showed that the latest scours is when the pier has
less resistance to flow.
Highway Bridges, Designed to
Resist Loads Brought by:

 Dead Load
 Live Load
 Centrifugal Force
 Wind Load
Bridge Types
1.) Short span up to 18 meters which either:
a.) Reinforced concrete rigid frame with slab deck.
b.) T-Beam or box girders reinforced concrete.
c.) Steel plate girders with reinforced concrete deck.
2.) Bridge of large span
a.) Girder type rigid frames of reinforced concrete.
b.) T- Beam or box girders reinforced concrete.
c.) Steel plate girders with reinforced concrete deck.
3.) Span that exceeds 90 meters long steel trusses, arches of
steel or reinforced concrete.
4.) Span that exceed 150 meters are generally made of steel
trusses, cable-stayed or suspension bridge.
 REFERENCES

 ELEMENTS OF ROADS AND HIGHWAY by Max B. FAJARDO, JR.

(September 9, 2018)

 http://anewhouse.com.au/2012/07/retaining-wall-drainage/
(August 29, 2018)

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage (September 2, 2018)

 http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/streets-and-highway-
maintenance/drains (September 8, 2018)