LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration and
Fermentation
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 H2O Organic
O2
molecules
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
ATP powers
ATP
most cellular work
Heat
energy
Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
• The breakdown of organic molecules is
exergonic
• Fermentation is a partial degradation of
sugars that occurs without O2
• Aerobic respiration consumes organic
molecules and O2 and yields ATP
• Cellular respiration includes both aerobic
and anaerobic respiration but is often used to
refer to aerobic respiration
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The Principle of Redox
• Chemical reactions that transfer electrons
between reactants are called oxidation-reduction
reactions, or redox reactions
• In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is
oxidized
• In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is
reduced (the amount of positive charge is
reduced)
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Figure 9.UN01
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
• The electron donor is called the reducing
agent
• The electron receptor is called the oxidizing
agent
• Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons
but change the electron sharing in covalent
bonds
• An example is the reaction between methane
and O2
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Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the
Electron Transport Chain
• In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic
molecules are broken down in a series of steps
• Electrons from organic compounds are usually
first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme
• As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an
oxidizing agent during cellular respiration
• Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+)
represents stored energy that is tapped to
synthesize ATP
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The Stages of Cellular Respiration:
A Preview
• Harvesting of energy from glucose has three
stages
– Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate)
– The citric acid cycle (completes the
breakdown of glucose)
– Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for
most of the ATP synthesis)
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Figure 9.6-1
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Figure 9.6-2
Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2
Pyruvate
Glycolysis Citric
oxidation
acid
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
Figure 9.6-3
Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2
Pyruvate Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
oxidation
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative
phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
• Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost
90% of the ATP generated by cellular
respiration
• A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis
and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level
phosphorylation
• For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2
and water by respiration, the cell makes up to
32 molecules of ATP
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical
energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
• Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down
glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two
major phases
– Energy investment phase
– Energy payoff phase
• Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.8
Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
2 ADP 2 P 2 ATP used
Energy Payoff Phase
4 ADP 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ 4 e 4 H+ 2 NADH 2 H+
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used 2 ATP
2 NAD+ 4 e 4 H+ 2 NADH 2 H+
Concept 9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the
citric acid cycle completes the energy-
yielding oxidation of organic molecules
• In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the
mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the
oxidation of glucose is completed
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Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
• Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate
must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A
(acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric
acid cycle
• This step is carried out by a multienzyme
complex that catalyses three reactions
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.10
MITOCHONDRION
CYTOSOL CO2 Coenzyme A
1 3
NAD NADH + H Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate
Transport protein
The Citric Acid Cycle
• The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs
cycle, completes the break down of pyruvate
to CO2
• The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from
pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1
FADH2 per turn
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.11
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD
CoA
NADH
+ H Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid
cycle 2 CO2
FADH2 3 NAD
FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H
ADP + P i
ATP
Figure 9.12-8
Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH
NADH
+ H 1 H2O
NAD
8 Oxaloacetate
2
Malate Citrate
Isocitrate
NAD
Citric 3
NADH
7 acid + H
H2O
cycle CO2
Fumarate CoA-SH
-Ketoglutarate
6 4
CoA-SH
FADH2 5
CO2
NAD
FAD
Succinate Pi NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H
CoA
ADP
ATP
Concept 9.4: During oxidative
phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples
electron transport to ATP synthesis
• Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle,
NADH and FADH2 account for most of the
energy extracted from food
• These two electron carriers donate electrons to
the electron transport chain, which powers ATP
synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pathway of Electron Transport
• The electron transport chain is in the inner
membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
• Most of the chain’s components are proteins,
which exist in multiprotein complexes
• The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized
states as they accept and donate electrons
• Electrons drop in free energy as they go down
the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming
H2O
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.13
NADH
50
2 e
NAD
FADH2
2 e FAD Multiprotein
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
40 FMN
I complexes
FeS
II
FeS
Q
III
Cyt b
FeS
30
Cyt c1
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
2 e
10
(originally from
NADH or FADH2)
0 2 H + 1/2 O2
H2O
• Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2
to the electron transport chain
• Electrons are passed through a number of
proteins including cytochromes (each with an
iron atom) to O2
• The electron transport chain generates no ATP
directly
• It breaks the large free-energy drop from food
to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in
manageable amounts
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Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling
Mechanism
• Electron transfer in the electron transport chain
causes proteins to pump H+ from the
mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
• H+ then moves back across the membrane,
passing through the proton, ATP synthase
• ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to
drive phosphorylation of ATP
• This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of
energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H
Stator
Rotor
Internal
rod
Catalytic
knob
ADP
+
Pi ATP
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Figure 9.15
H
H
H
Protein
complex H
Cyt c
of electron
carriers
IV
Q
III
I
ATP
II synth-
2 H + 1/2O2 H2O ase
FADH2 FAD
NADH NAD
ADP P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food) H
1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation
An Accounting of ATP Production by
Cellular Respiration
• During cellular respiration, most energy flows
in this sequence:
glucose NADH electron transport chain
proton-motive force ATP
• About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule
is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration,
making about 32 ATP
• There are several reasons why the number of
ATP is not known exactly
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP
without the use of oxygen
• Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce
ATP
• Without O2, the electron transport chain will
cease to operate
• In that case, glycolysis couples with
fermentation or anaerobic respiration to
produce ATP
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• Anaerobic respiration uses an electron
transport chain with a final electron acceptor
other than O2, for example sulfate
• Fermentation uses substrate-level
phosphorylation instead of an electron
transport chain to generate ATP
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Types of Fermentation
• Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus
reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be
reused by glycolysis
• Two common types are alcohol fermentation
and lactic acid fermentation
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• In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted
to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing
CO2
• Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in
brewing, winemaking, and baking
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Fermentation Overview
Right-click slide / select “Play”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.17
2 ADP 2 P 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 P 2 ATP
i i
Glucose Glycolysis Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 CO2 2 NAD 2 NADH
2 H 2 H
2 Pyruvate
2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Lactate
(a) Alcohol fermentation (b) Lactic acid fermentation
• In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced
to NADH, forming lactate as an end product,
with no release of CO2
• Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and
bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
• Human muscle cells use lactic acid
fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is
scarce
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or
anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the
presence of O2
• Yeast and many bacteria are facultative
anaerobes, meaning that they can survive
using either fermentation or cellular respiration
• In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in
the metabolic road that leads to two alternative
catabolic routes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.18
Glucose
Glycolysis
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present: O2 present:
Fermentation Aerobic cellular
respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol, Acetyl CoA
lactate, or
other products
Citric
acid
cycle
